Greenhouse gas fluxes between land surfaces and the atmosphere

Anderson, S.M. , Zahniser, M.S. , Kebabian, P. and McManus, J.B. 1988: An open path diode laser absorption instrument for flux measurement of biogenic trace gases. Final report, NASA Contract NAS2-12433.

Arah, J.R.M. , Smith, K.A. , Crichton, I.J. and Li, H. 1990: Nitrous oxide production and denitrification in Scottish soils III. Denitrification. Submitted to Journal of Soil Science .

Armentano, T.V. and Menges, E.S. 1986: Patterns of change in the carbon balance of organic soil-wetlands of the temperate zone. Journal of Ecology 74, 753-74.

Aselmann, I. and Crutzen, P.J. 1989: Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies: their net primary productivity, seasonality and possible methane emissions. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 8, 307-58.

Bacastow, R. and Keeling, C.D. 1981: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and the observed airborne fraction. In Bolin, B. , editor, Carbon cycle modelling, Chichester: Wiley, 103-12.

Bartlett, K.B. , Crill, P.M. , Sebacher, D.I. , Harris, R.C. , Wilson, J.O. and Melack, J.M. 1988: Methane flux from the central Amazonian floodplain . Journal of Geophysical Research 93, 1571-82.

Bolin, B. 1986: How much CO2 will remain in the atmosphere ? In Bolin, B. , Döös, B.R. , Jäger, J. and Warrick, R.A. , editors, The greenhouse effect, climatic change, and ecosystems, Chichester: Wiley, 93-155.

Bolle, H.J. , Seiler, W. and Bolin, B. 1986: Other greenhouse gases and aerosols. In Bolin, B. , Doos, B.R. , Jager, J. and Warrick, R.A. , editors, The greenhouse effect, climatic change, and ecosystems , Chichester: Wiley, 157-203.

Bouwman, A.F. 1990: Exchange of greenhouse gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. In Bouwman, A.F. , editor, Soils and the greenhouse effect, Chichester : Wiley, 61-127.

Bremner, J.M. , Breitenbeck, G.M. and Blackmer, A.M. 1981: Effect of anhydrous ammonia fertilization on emission of nitrous oxide from soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 10, 77-80.

Burke, M.K. , Houghton, R.A. and Woodwell, G.M. 1990: Progress towards predicting the potential for increased emissions of CH4 from wetlands as a consequence of global warming. In Bouwman, A.F. , editor, Soils and the greenhouse effect, Chichester: Wiley, 451-55.

Byrnes, B.H. , Christianson, C.B. , Holt, L.S. and Austin, E.R. 1990: Nitrous oxide emissions from the nitrification of nitrogen fertilizers. In Bouwman, A.F. editor, Soils and the greenhouse effect, Chichester: Wiley, 489-95.

Cicerone, R.J. and Oremland, R. 1988: Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2, 299-327.

Conrad, R. 1989: Control of methane production in terrestrial ecosystems . In Andreae, M.O. and Schimel, D.S. , editors, Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, Chichester: Wiley, 39-58.

Crill, P.M. , Bartlett, K.B. , Wilson, J.O. , Sebacher, D.I. , Harris, R.C. , Melack, J.M. , MacIntyre, S. , Lesack, L. and Smith-Morrill, L. 1988: Tropospheric methane from an Amazonian floodplain lake. Journal of Geophysical Research 93, 1564-70.

Crutzen, P.J. 1987: The role of the tropics in atmospheric chemistry . In Dickinson, R. , editor, Geophysiology of Amazonia, New York: Wiley, 107-30.

De Bont, J.A.M. , Lee, K.K. and Bouldin, D.D. 1978: Bacterial oxidation of methane in a rice paddy . Ecological Bulletins 26, 91-96.

Delaune, R.D. , Smith, C.J. and Patrick, W.H. 1983: Methane release from Gulf Coast wetlands. Tellus 35B, 8-15.

Denmead, O.T. 1983: Micrometeorological methods for measuring gaseous loss of nitrogen in the field. In Freney, J.R. and Simpson, J.R. , editors, Gaseous loss of nitrogen from soil-plant systems Amsterdam : W. Junk, 133-57.

Desjardins, R.C. and MacPherson, J.I. 1989: Aircraft-based measurements of trace gas fluxes. In Andreae, M.O. and Schimel, D.S. editors, Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, Chichester: Wiley, 135-52.

Egginton, G.M. and Smith, K.A. 1986: Losses of nitrogen by denitrification from a grassland soil fertilized with cattle slurry and calcium nitrate. Journal of Soil Science 37, 69-80.

Folorunso, O.A. and Rolston, D.E. 1984: Spatial variability of field measured denitrification gas fluxes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48, 1214-19.

Fowler, D. and Duyzer, J.H. 1989: Micrometeorological techniques for the measurement of gas exchange. In Andreae, M.O. and Schimel, D.S. , editors, Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, Chichester: Wiley, 189-207.

Galbally, I.E., editor, 1989: The international global atmospheric chemistry (IGAC) programme. International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics.

Gosz, J.R. , Dahm, C.N. and Risser, P.G. 1988: Long-path FTIR measurement of atmospheric trace gas concentrations . Ecology 69, 1326-30.

Hao, W.M. , Wolfsy, S.C. , McElroy, M.B. , Beer, J.M. and Toqan, M.A. 1987: Sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide from combustion . Journal of Geophysical Research 92, 3098-104.

Holzapfel-Pschorn, A. and Seiler, W. 1986: Methane emission during a cultivation period from an Italian rice paddy. Journal of Geophysical Research 9, 11803-14.

Holzapfel-Pschorn, A. , Conrad, R. and Seiler, W. 1986: Effects of vegetation on the emission of methane from submerged rice paddy soil. Plant and Soil 92, 223-33.

Houghton, R.A. 1987: Personal communication to A.F. Bouwman. Cited in Bouwman (1990).

Houghton, R.A. , Boone, R.D. , Melillo, J.M. , Palm, C.A. , Woodwell, G.M. , Myers, N. , Moore, B. and Skole, D.L. 1985: Net flux of carbon dioxide from tropical forests in 1980 . Nature 316, 617-20.

Houghton, R.A. , Boone, R.D. , Fruci, J.R. , Hobbie, J.E. , Melillo, J.M. , Palm, C.A. , Peterson, B.J. , Shaver, G.R. , Woodwell, G.M. , Moore, B. , Skole, D.L. and Myers, N. 1987: The flux of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere in 1980 due to changes in land use: geographical distribution of the global flux. Tellus 39B, 122-39.

Hutchinson, G.L. and Mosier, A.R. 1979: Nitrous oxide emissions from an irrigated cornfield . Science 205, 1225-26.

Keeling, C.D. , Bacastow, R.B. , Carter, A.F. , Piper, S.C. , Whorf, T.P. , Heiman, M. , Mook, W.G. and Roeloffzen. 1989: A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds 1. Analysis of observational data. In Peterson, D.H. , editor, Aspects of climate variability in the Pacific and the western Americas, geophysical monograph 55, Washington DC: AGU , 165-236.

Linak, W.P. , McSorley, J.A. , Hall, R.E. , Ryan, J.V. , Srivastava, R.K. , Wendt, J.O.L. and Mareb, J.B. 1990: Nitrous oxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion . Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 7533-41.

Magalhaes, A.M.T. , Chalk, P.M. and Strong, W.M. 1984: Effect of nitrapyrin on nitrous oxide emission from fallow soils fertilized with anhydrous ammonia. Fertilizer Research 5, 411-21.

Matson, P.A. , Vitousek, P.M. and Schimel, D.S. 1989: Regional extrapolation of trace gas flux based on soils and ecosystems. In Andreae, M.O. and Schimel, D.S. , editors, Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere , Chichester: Wiley, 97-108.

Matson, P.A. and Vitousek, P.M. 1987: Cross-system comparisons of soil nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide flux in tropical forest ecosystems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1, 163-70.

Matthews, E. and Fung, I. 1987: Methane emission from natural wetlands: global distribution, area, and environmental characteristics of sources. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1, 61-86.

Melillo, J.M. , Steudler, P.A. , Aber, J.D. and Bowden, R.D. 1989: Atmospheric deposition and nutrient cycling. In Andreae, M.O. and Schimel, D.S. , editors, Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, Chichester: Wiley, 263-80.

Mosier, A.R. 1989: Chamber and isotope techniques. In Andreae, M.O. and Schimel, D.S. , editors, Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, Chichester: Wiley , 175-87.

1990 : Gas flux measurement techniques with special reference to techniques suitable for measurements over large ecologically uniform areas . In Bouwman, A.F. , editor, Soils and the greenhouse effect, Chichester: Wiley, 289-301.

Neftel, A. , Moor, E. , Oescheger, H. and Stauffer, B. 1985: Evidence from polar cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 315, 45-47.

Neue, H.U. , Becker-Heidmann, P. and Scharpenseel, H.W. 1990: Organic matter dynamics, soil properties, and cultural practices in rice lands and their relationship to methane production. In Bouwman, A.F. , editor, Soils and the greenhouse effect, Chichester : Wiley, 457-66.

Partridge, R.H. 1989: Personal communication.

Pearman, G.I. , Etheridge, D. , de Silva. F. and Fraser, P.J. 1986: Evidence of changing concentrations of CO 2, N2O, and CH4 from air bubbles in Antarctic ice. Nature 320, 248-50.

Pierotti, D. and Rasmussen, R.A. 1976: Combustion as a source of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere . Geophysical Research Letters 3, 265-7.

Ponnamperuma, F.N. 1972: The chemistry of submerged soils. Advances in Agronomy 24, 29-96.

Poth, M. and Focht, D.D. 1985: 15N kinetic analysis of N2O production by Nitrosomonas europea: an examination of nitrifier denitrification. Applied Environmental Microbiology 49, 1134-41.

Rasmussen, R.A. and Khalil, M.A.K. 1984: Atmospheric methane in the recent and ancient atmospheres: concentrations, trends, and inter-hemisphere gradient. Journal of Geophysical Research 89, 11599-605.

Ryden, J.C. , Lund, L.J. and Focht, D.D. 1978: Direct in-field measurement of nitrous oxide flux from soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42, 731-37.

Sanchez, P.A. 1976. Properties and management of soils in the tropics . New York: Wiley.

Schlesinger, W.H. 1982: Carbon storage in the caliche of arid soils. A case study from Arizona. Soil Science 133, 247-55.

1985: The formation of caliche in soils of the Mojave Desert, California. Geochimica et Cosmochimica 49, 57-66.

1986 : Changes in soil carbon storage and associated properties with disturbance and recovery. In Trabalka, J.R. and Reichle, D.E. , editors, The changing carbon cycle. A global analysis, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 194-220.

Schutz, H. , Seiler, W. and Rennenberg, H. 1990: Soil and land use related sources and sinks of methane (CH4) in the context of the global methane budget. In Bouwman, A.F. , editor, Soils and the greenhouse effect, Chichester: Wiley, 269-85.

Seiler, W. 1984: Contribution of biological processes to the global budget of CH4 in the atmosphere. In Klug, M.J. and Reddy. C.A. , editors, Current perspectives in microbial ecology, American Society of Meteorology, 468-77.

Seiler, W. and Conrad, R. 1987: Contribution of tropical ecosystems to the global budgets of trace gases, especially CH4, H2, CO and N2O . In Dickinson, R.. editor, The geophysiology of Amazonia, New York: Wiley, 133-160.

Smith, C.J. and Chalk, P.M. 1980: Gaseous nitrogen evolution during nitrification of ammonia fertilizer and nitrite transformations in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44, 277-82.

Smith, K.A. and Arah, J.R.M. 1990: Measurement and modelling of nitrous oxide emissions from soils. In Svensson, B.H. and Ojima, D., editors, Trace gas exchange in a global perspective, special issue of Ecological Bulletins (in press). Svensson, B.H. 1984: Different temperature optima in methane formation when enrichments from acid peat are supplemented with acetate or hydrogen. Applied Environmental Microbiology 48, 389-94.

Swarup, A. 1988: Influence of organic matter and flooding on the chemical and electrochemical properties of soil and rice growth. Plant and Soil 106, 135-41.

Watson, R.T. , Rodhe, H. , Oeschger, H. , and Siegenthaler, U. 1990: Greenhouse gases and aerosols . In Houghton, J.T. , Jenkins, G.J. and Ephraums, J.J. , editors, Climate change: the IPCC scientific assessment , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-40.

Weiss, R.F. and Craig, H. 1976: Production of atmospheric nitrous oxide by combustion . Geophysical Research Letters 3, 751-53.

Yoshida, T. and Alexander, M. 1970: Nitrous oxide formation by Nitrosornonas europea and heterotrophic microorganisms. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 34, 880-82.