Palaeoecological evidence for environmental change during the last 200 years. II. Chemical data

Aaby, B. and Jacobsen, J. 1979: Changes in biotic conditions and metal deposition in the last millenium as reflected in ombrotrophic peat in Draved Mose, Denmark . Geological Survey of Denmark, Yearbook 1978, 5-43.

Aaby, B. , Jacobsen, J. and Jacobsen, S.O. 1979: Pb-210 dating and lead deposition in the ombrotrophic peat bog, Draved Mose, Denmark. Geological Survey of Denmark, Yearbook 1978, 45-68.

Adams, M.S. and Prentki, R.T. 1986: Sedimentary pigments as an index of the trophic status of Lake Mead. Hydrobiologia 143, 71-77.

Arzet, K. , Krause-Dellin, D. and Steinberg, C. 1986: Acidification of four lakes in the Federal Republic of Germany as reflected by diatom assemblages, cladoceran remains and sediment chemistry. In Smol, J.P. , Battarbee, R.W. , Davis, R.B. and Meriläinen, J. , editors, Diatoms and lake acidity, Dordrecht: Junk, 227-50.

Aston, S.R. , Bruty, D. , Chester, R. and Padgham, R.C. 1973: Mercury in lake sediments: a possible indicator of technological growth. Nature 241, 450-51.

Ault, W.U. , Senechal, R.G. and Erlebach, W.E. 1970: Isotopic composition as a natural tracer of lead in the environment. Environmental Science and Technology 4, 305-13.

Baes, C.F. and McLaughlin, S.B. 1984: Trace elements in tree rings: evidence of recent and historical air pollution. Science 224, 494-97.

Baes, C.F. and Ragsdale, H.L. 1981: Age-specific lead distribution in xylem rings of three genera in Atlanta, Georgia. Environmental Pollution B2, 21-35.

Baron, J. , Norton, S.A. , Beeson, D.R. and Herrmann, R. 1986: Sediment diatom and metal stratigraphy from Rocky Mountain lakes with special reference to atmospheric deposition. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 43, 1350-62.

Battarbee, R.W. 1984: Diatom analysis and the acidification of lakes . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B305, 451-77.

Battarbee, R.W. , Flower, R.J. , Stevenson, A.C. and Rippey, B. 1985: Lake acidification in Galloway: a palaeoecological test of competing hypotheses. Nature 314, 350-52.

Bolin, B. , Jäger, J. , Döös, B.R. and Warrick, R.A. editors, 1986: The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystems. Chichester and New York: John Wiley.

Boutron, C. 1980: Respective influence of global pollution and volcanic eruptions on the past variations of the trace metals content of Antarctic snows since 1880s. Journal of Geophysical Research 85, 7426-32.

1982: Atmospheric trace metals in the snow layers deposited at the South Pole from 1928 to 1977. Atmospheric Environment 16, 2451-59.

1986 : Atmospheric toxic metals and metalloids in the snow and ice layers deposited in Greenland and Antarctica from prehistoric times to present . In Nriagu, J. and Davidson, C.I. , editors, Toxic metals in the atmosphere , Chichester and New York: John Wiley, 467-505.

Boutron, C. and Delmas, R. 1980: Historical record of global atmospheric pollution revealed in polar ice sheets. Ambio 9, 210-15.

Boutron, C.F. and Patterson, C.C. 1983: The occurrence of lead in Antarctic recent snow, firn deposited over the last two centuries and prehistoric ice. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 1355-47, 68.

1986: Lead concentration changes in Antarctic ice during the Wisconsin/Holocene transition. Nature 323, 222-25.

Bowler, M. and Bradshaw, R. 1985: Recent accumulation and erosion of blanket peat in the Wicklow Mountains, Ireland. New Phytologist 101, 543-50.

Bradley, R.S. 1985: Quaternary palaeoecology. London : Allen and Unwin.

Braekke, F.H. 1981: Hydrochemistry in low-pH-soils in south Norway. I. Peat and soil water quality. Meddelelser Norsk Institute Skogforsokves 36(11), 1-32.

Carell, B. , Forberg, S.M. , Grundelius, E. , et al. 1987: Can mussel shells reveal environmental history? Ambio 16, 2-10.

Charles, D.F. and Norton, S.A. 1986: Paleolimnological evidence for trends in atmospheric deposition of acids and metals. In Committee on Monitoring and Assessment of Trends in Acid Deposition, Acid deposition: Long term trends , Washington DC: National Research Council, 335-431.

Charles, D.F. , Whitehead, D.R. , Engstrom, D.R. et al. 1987: Paleolimnological evidence for recent acidification of Big Moose Lake, Adirondack Mountains, NY (USA). Biogeochemistry 3, 267-96.

Charlson, R.J. , Lovelock, J.E. , Andreae, M.O. and Warren, S.G. 1987: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326, 655-61.

Clymo, R.S. 1978: A model of peat bog growth. In Heal, O.W. , Perkins, D.F. and Brown, W.M. , editors, Ecological studies, production ecology of British moors and montane grasslands , Berlin: Springer Verlag, 187-223.

Damman, A.W.H. 1978: Distribution and movement of elements in ombrotrophic peat profiles. Oikos 30, 480-95.

Davidson, C.I. , Harrington, J.R. , Stephenson, M.J. , Monaghan, M.C. , Pudykiewicz, J. and Schell, W.R. 1987: Radioactive cesium from the Chernobyl accident in the Greenland ice sheet. Science 237, 633-34.

De Angelis, M. , Barkov, N.I. and Petrov, V.N. 1987: Aerosol concentrations over the last climatic cycle (160 kyr) from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 325, 318-21.

Dickinson, R.E. 1982: Modelling climatic changes due to carbon dioxide increases . In Clark, W.C. , editor, Carbon dioxide review: 1982, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 103-33.

Dickman, M.D. and Thode, H.G. 1985: The rate of lake acidification in four lakes north of Lake Superior and its relationship to downcore sulphur isotope ratios. Water, Air, Soil Pollution 26, 233-53.

Dillon, P.J. and Evans, R.D. 1982: Whole-lake lead burdens in sediments of lakes in southern Ontario, Canada. Hydrobiologia 91, 121-30.

Edgington, D.N. and Robbins, J.A. 1976: Records of lead deposition in Lake Michigan sediments since 1800. Environmental Science and Technology 10, 266-74.

Eisenreich, S.J. , Hollod, G.J. , Johnson, T.C. and Evans, J. 1980: Polychlorinated biphenyl and other microcontaminant-sediment interactions in Lake Superior. In Baker, R.A. , editor, Contaminants and sediments, Vol. 1, Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Incorporated, 67-94.

El-Daoushy, F. 1986: Scandinavian limnochronology of sediments and heavy metals . Hydrobiologia 143, 267-76.

Elner, J.K. and Happey-Wood, C.M. 1980: The history of two linked but contrasting lakes in north Wales from a study of pollen, diatoms and chemistry of sediment cores. Journal of Ecology 68, 95-121.

Engstrom, D.R. and Swain, E.B. 1986: The chemistry of lake sediments in time and space . Hydrobiologia 143, 37-44.

Evans, H.E. and Dillon, P.J. 1982: Historical changes in anthropogenic lead fallout in southern Ontario. Hydrobiologia 91, 131-37.

Evans, H.E. , Smith, P.J. and Dillon, P.J. 1983: Anthropogenic zinc and cadmium burdens in sediments of selected southern Ontario lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 40, 570-79.

Ferguson, P. and Lee, J.A. 1978: Effects of sulphur pollutants on the growth of Sphagnum species. Environmental Pollution 16, 151-62.

Flower, R.J. and Battarbee, R.W. 1983: Diatom evidence for recent acidification of two Scottish lochs. Nature 305, 130-32.

Francey, R.J. 1981: Tasmanian tree rings belie suggested anthropogenic 13C/12C trends. Nature 290, 232-35.

Friedli, H. , Lötscher, H. , Oeschger, H. , Siegenthaler, U. and Stauffer, B. 1986: Ice core record of the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO 2 in the past two centuries. Nature 324, 237-38.

Fritts, H.C. 1976: Tree rings and climate. London and New York: Academic Press .

Goldberg, E.D. , Hodge, V.F. , Griffin, J.J. , Koide, M. and Edgington, D.N. 1981: Impact of fossil fuel combustion on the sediments of Lake Michigan. Environmental Science and Technology 15, 466-71.

Gorham, E. , Bayley, S.E. and Schindler, D.W. 1984: Ecological effects of acid deposition upon peatlands: a neglected field in 'acid rain' research. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 41, 1256-68.

Griffin, J.J. and Goldberg, E.D. 1981: Sphericity as a characteristic of solids from fossil fuel burning in a Lake Michigan sediment. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 45, 763-69.

1983: Impact of fossil fuel combustion on sediments of Lake Michigan: a reprise. Environmental Science and Technology 17, 244-45.

Håkanson, L. 1974: Mercury in some Swedish lake sediments. Ambio 3, 37-43.

Hall, C. , Hughes, M.K. , Lepp, N.W. and Dollard, G.J. 1975: Cycling of heavy metals in woodland ecosystems . Paper presented at International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, Canada, 27-31 October.

Hamilton-Taylor, J. 1979: Enrichments of zinc, lead and copper in recent sediments of Windermere, England. Environmental Science and Technology 13, 693-97.

1983: Heavy metal enrichments in the recent sediments of six lakes in northwest England. Environment and Technology Letters 4, 115-22.

Hansen, J.E. , Lacis, A. and Lebedeff, S.A. 1982: Commentary on Chamberlain, J.W., Foley, H.M., MacDonald, G.J. and Ruderman, M.A., Climate effects of minor atmospheric constituents . In Clark, W.C. , editor, Carbon dioxide review:1982, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 284-89.

Hedmond, H.F. 1980: Biogeochemistry of Thoreau's Bog, Concord, Massachusetts . Ecological Monographs 50, 507-26.

Herron, M.M. , Langway, C.C. , Weiss, H.V. and Cragin, J.H. 1977: Atmospheric trace metals and sulfate in the Greenland ice sheet. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 41, 915-20.

Kardell, L. and Larsson, J. 1978: Lead and cadmium in oak tree rings (Quercus robur L.) . Ambio 7, 117-21.

Kemp, A.L.W. , Williams, J.D.H. , Thomas, R.L. and Gregory, M.L. 1978: Impact of man's actitivies on the chemical composition of the sediments of Lakes Superior and Huron. Water, Air, Soil Pollution 10, 381-402.

Khalil, M.A.K. and Rasmussen, R.A. 1985: Causes of increasing atmospheric methane: decline of hydroxyl radicals and the rise of emissions. Atmospheric Environment , 19, 397-407.

Kothari, B.K. and Wahlen, M. 1984: Concentration and surface morphology of charcoal particles in sediments of Green Lake, NY: implications regarding the use of energy in the past. Northeastern Environmental Science 3, 24-29.

LaMarche, V.C. , Graybill, D.A. , Fritts, H.C. and Rose, M.R. 1984: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: Tree ring evidence for growth enhancement in natural vegetation. Science 225, 1019-21.

Landy, M.P. and Peel, D.A. 1981: Short-term fluctuations in heavy metal concentrations in Antarctic snow. Nature 291, 144-46.

Lee, J.A. and Tallis, J.H. 1973: Regional and historical aspects of lead pollution in Britain . Nature 245, 216-18.

Lepp, N.W. 1975: The potential of tree-ring analysis for monitoring heavy metal pollution patterns. Environmental Pollution 9, 49-61.

Livett, E.A. , Lee, J.A. and Tallis, J.H. 1979: Lead, zinc and copper analysis of British blanket peats . Journal of Ecology 67, 865-91.

Lorius, C. , Jouzel, J. , Ritz, C. et al. 1985: A 150 000 year climatic record from Antarctic ice. Nature 316, 591-96.

Lovelock, J.E. 1986: Geophysiology: A new look at earth science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 67, 392-97.

Mannion, A.M. 1987: Aquatic ecosystem development in Scotland: a review based on diatom assemblages. Scottish Geographical Magazine 103, 13-20.

1989: Palaeological evidence for environmental change during the last 200 years. I. Biological data. Progress in Physical Geography 13, 21-46.

Martin, M.H. , Coughtrey, P.J. and Ward, P. 1979: Historical aspects of heavy metal pollution in the Gordano Valley. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists Club 37, 91-97.

Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre (MARC) 1985: Historical monitoring. London : MARC.

Morison, J.I.L. 1987: Plant growth and CO2 history. Nature 327, 560.

Murozumi, M. , Chow, I.J. and Patterson, C. 1969: Chemical concentrations of pollutant lead aerosols, terrestrial dusts and sea salts in Greenland and Antarctic snow strata. Geochemica Cosmochemica Acta 33, 1247-49.

Neftel, A. , Moor, E. , Oeschger, H. and Stauffer, B. 1985: Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 315, 45-47.

Ng, A. and Patterson, C. 1981: Natural concentrations of lead in ancient Arctic and Antarctic ice. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 45, 2109-21.

Norton, S.A. 1985: The sedimentary record of atmospheric pollution in Jerseyfield Lake, Adirondack Mountains, New York. In Adams, D.D. and Page, W.P. , editors, Acid deposition, New York and London: Plenum, 95-107.

Nriagu, J.O. editor, 1978: Sulphur in the environment. New York and London: John Wiley.

Nriagu, J.O. and Coker, R.D. 1983: Sulphur chronicles past changes in lake acidification . Nature 303, 692-94.

Nriagu, J.O. , Holdaway, D.A. and Coker, R.D. 1987: Biogenic sulfur and the acidity of rainfall in remote areas of Canada. Science 237, 1189-92.

Oldfield, F. , Barnosky, C. , Leopold, E.B. and Smith, J.P. 1983: Mineral magnetic studies of lake sediments. Hydrobiologia 103, 37-44.

O'Sullivan, P.E. 1983: Annually-laminated lake sediments and the study of Quaternary environmental changes - a review. Quaternary Science Review 1, 245-313.

Ouellet, M. and Jones, H.G. 1983: Historical changes in acid precipitation and heavy metals deposition originating from fossil fuel combustion in eastern North America as revealed by lake sediment geochemistry. Water Science and Technology 15, 115-30.

Patterson, C. 1987: Global pollution measured by lead in mid-ocean sediments . Nature 326, 244-45.

Rasmussen, R.A. and Khalil, M.A.K. 1984: Atmospheric methane in the recent and ancient atmospheres: concentrations, trends and interhemisphere gradient. Journal of Geophysical Research 89, 11599-605.

Renberg, I. 1983: Varved lake sediments - geochronological records of the Holocene. Geologiska Föreningens Stockholm Förhandlingar 104, 275-79.

1986: Concentration and annual accumulation values of heavy metals in lake sediments: their significance in studies of the history of heavy metal pollution. Hydrobiologia 143, 379-85.

Renberg, I. and Wik, M. 1985: Soot particle counting in recent lake sediments: an indirect dating method. Ecological Bulletins Stockholm 37, 53-57.

Robitaille, G. 1981: Heavy metal accumulation in the annual rings of balsam fir Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Environmental Pollution B2, 193-202.

Schneider, S.H. 1987: Climate modelling. Scientific American 256, 72-81.

Schell, W.R. 1986: Deposited atmospheric chemicals. Environmental Science and Technology 20, 847-53.

Schelske, C.L. , Conley, D.J. , Stoermer, E.F. , Newberry, T.L. and Campbell, C.D. 1986: Biogenic silica and phosphorus accumulation in sediments as indices of eutrophication in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Hydrobiologia 143, 79-86.

Schelske, C.L. , Stoermer, E.F. , Conley, D.J. , Robbins, J.A. and Glover, R.M. 1983: Early eutrophication in the lower Great Lakes: New evidence from biogenic silica in sediments. Science 222, 320-22.

Shen, G.T. and Boyle, E.A. 1987: Lead in corals: reconstruction of historical industrial fluxes to the surface ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 82, 289-304.

Siegenthaler, U. and Oeschger, H. 1987: Biospheric CO2 emissions during the past 200 years reconstructed by deconvolution of ice core data. Tellus B39, 140-54.

Stauffer, B. , Fischer, G. , Neftel, A. and Oeschger, H. 1985: Increase of atmospheric methane recorded in Antarctic ice core. Science 229, 1386-88.

Stauffer, B. and Schwander, J. 1984: Core processing and first analysis of ice cores from Siple and South Pole stations. Antarctic Journal of the USA 19, 59-60.

Stuiver, M. and Braziunas, T.F. 1987: Tree cellulose 13C/12C isotope ratios and climatic change . Nature 328, 58-60.

Tallis, J.H. 1965: Studies on southern Pennine peats IV. Evidence of recent erosion. Journal of Ecology 53, 509-20.

1985: Mass movement and erosion of a southern Pennine blanket peat. Journal of Ecology 73, 283-315.

Tans, P.P. and Mook, W.G. 1980: Past atmospheric CO2 levels and the 13C/12C ratios in tree rings. Tellus 32, 268-83.

Thompson, R. and Oldfield, F. 1986: Environmental magnetism. London : Allen and Unwin.

Thompson, R.D. , Mannion, A.M. , Mitchell, C.W. , Parry, M. and Townshend, J.R.G. 1986: Processes in physical geography . London and New York: Longman.

Vernon, A. , Lambert, C.E. , Isley, A. , Linet, P. and Grousse, F. 1987: Evidence of recent lead pollution in deep northeast Atlantic sediments. Nature 326, 278-81.

Wigley, T.M.L. 1982: Oxygen-18, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14 in tree rings . In Hughes, M.K. , Kelly, P.M. , Pilcher, J.R. and LaMarche, V.C. , editors, Climate from tree rings, Cambridge: University Press , 18-21.

Wik, M. , Renberg, I. and Darley, J. 1986: Sedimentary records of carbonaceous particles from fossil fuel combustion. Hydrobiologia 143, 387-94.

Wolery, T.J. and Walters, L.J. 1974: Pollutant mercury and sedimentation in the western basin of Lake Erie. Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 235-49.

Wolff, E. 1986: Climate, pollution and ice. Newsjournal of the Natural Environment Research Council (UK), March, 4-7.

1987: The answer lies in the ice. Geographical Magazine 59, 73-77.

Woodward, F.I. 1987: Stomatal numbers are sensitive to increases in CO 2 from pre-industrial levels. Nature 327, 617-18.