Concepts of equilibrium and evolution in geomorphology: the model of branch systems

Abrahams, A.D. 1968: Distinguishing between the concepts of steady-state and dynamic equilibrium. Earth Science Journal 2, 160-66.

Bloom, A.L. 1969: The surface of the earth. New Jersey : Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs .

Chorley, R.J. 1962: Geomorphology and general systems theory. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 500-B.

1978 : Bases for theory in geomorphology. In Embleton, C. , Brunsden, D. , Jones, D.K.C. , editors, Geornorphology: present problems and future prospects, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-13

Chorley, R.J. and Kennedy, B.A. 1971: Physical geography: a systems approach. London: Prentice-Hall.

Chorley, R.J. , Schumm, S.A. and Sudgen, D.E. 1985: Geomorphology. New York: Methuen.

Cullingford, R.A. , Davidson, D.A. and Lewin, J. editors, 1980: Timescales in geomorphology. Toronto : John Wiley.

Davies, D.C.W. 1974: The physics of time asymmetry. London : Surrey University Press .

1977 : Space and time in the modern universe. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Davis, W.M. 1899: The geographical cycle. Geographical Journal 14, 481-504.

1902: Baselevel, grade and peneplain. Journal of Geology 10, 77-111.

Embleton, C. and Thornes, J. 1979: Process in geomorphology. London : Edward Arnold.

Gerard, R.W. 1964: Entitation, animorgs and other systems. In Mesarovic, M.D. , editor, Views on general systems theory, New York: John Wiley , 119-24.

Gilbert, G.K. 1877: Report on the geology of the Henry Mountains US Geological Survey, Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. US Government , Washington DC

Glansdorf, P. and Prigogine, I. 1971: Thermodynamic theory of structure, stability and fluctuations . Toronto: John Wiley

Hack, J.T. 1960: Interpretation of erosional topography in humid temperate regions. American Journal of Science 258-A (Bradley Volume), 80-97.

Horton, R.E. 1945: Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 56, 275-370.

Huggett, R. 1980: Systems analysis in geography. Oxford : Clarendon Press.

Kennedy, B. 1977: A question of scale? Progress in Physical Geography 1 154-57.

Kitts, D.B. 1963: Historical explanation in geology. Journal of Geology 71, 297-313.

Knighton, D. 1984: Fluvial forms and processes. London : Edward Arnold.

Knox, J.C. 1972: Valley alluviation in southwestern Wisconsin. Association American Geographers, Annals 62, 401-10.

Langbein; W.B. and Leopold, L.B. 1964: Quasi-equilibrium states in channel morphology . American Journal of Science 262, 782-94.

Leopold, L.B. and Langbein, W.B. 1962: The concept of entropy in landscape evolution. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 500-A.

Leopold, L.B. and Maddock, T. 1953: The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 252.

Lewin, J. 1980: Available and appropriate timescales in geomorphology . In Cullingford, R.A. , Davidson, D.A. and Lewin, J. editors, Timescales in geomorphology, Toronto: John Wiley, 3-12.

Mackin, J.H. 1948: Concept of the graded river. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 59, 463-512.

Mackin, J.H. 1963: Rational and empirical methods of investigation in geology . In Albritton, C.C. , editor, The fabric of geology, Reading, Massachusetts : Addison-Wesley, 135-63.

Morowitz, H.J. 1968: Energy flow in biology. New York: Acadmic Press.

Parker, R.S. 1977: Experimental study of drainage system evolution and its hydrologic implications. Hydrology Papers 90, Colorado State University.

Popper, K.R. 1957: The poverty of historicism. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Prigogine, I. 1978: Time, structure, fluctuations. Science 201, 777-85.

1980 : From being to becoming: time and complexity in the physical sciences. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman .

Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. 1984: Order out of chaos: man's new dialogue with nature . New York: Bantam.

Reichenbach, H. 1971: The direction of time. London : University of California Press.

Scheidegger, A.E. and Langbein, W.B. 1966: Probability concepts in geomorphology. US Geology Survey, Professional Paper 500-C.

Schumm, S.A. 1956: Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Pert Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 67, 597-664.

1968 : River adjustment to altered hydrologic regime: Murrumbigee River and paleochannels, Australia. US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 598.

1971 : Fluvial geomorphology: historical perspective. In Shen, H.W. , editor, River mechanics, Fort Collins: Shen, 4-1 - 4-30.

1973: Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of drainage systems. In Morisawa, M. editor, Fluvial geomorphology. Proceedings of the fourth Annual Geomorphology Symposium Series, Binghampton. Binghampton: Binghampton Publications, 299-310.

Schumm, S.A. 1976: Episodic erosion: a modification of the geographic cycle . In Melhorn, W.N., Flemal, R.C. editors. Theories of landform development. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Geomorphology Symposium Series, Binghampton. Binghampton Publications, 69-85.

1977 : The fluvial system. Toronto: John Wiley.

Schumm, S.A. and Beathard, R.M. 1976: Geomorphic thresholds: an approach to river management . In Rivers '76, volume 1. Third Symposium of the Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division American Society of Civil Engineers, 707-24.

Schumm, S.A. and Khan, H.R. 1972: Experimental study of channel patterns. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 83, 1755-70.

Schumm, S.A. , Khan, H.R. , Winkley, B.R. and Robbins, L.G. 1972: Variability of channel patterns. Nature 237, 75-76.

Schumm, S.A. and Lichty, R.W. 1965: Time, space and causality in geomorphology. American Journal of Science 263; 110-19.

Simpson, G.G. 1963: Historical science. In Albritton, C.C. , editor, The fabric of geology, Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley , 24-48.

Strahler, A.N. 1950a: Equilibrium theory of erosional slopes approached through frequency distribution analysis. American Journal of Science , 248, 687-90.

1950b: 'Davis' concepts of slope development viewed in the light of recent quantitative investigations. Association American Geographers, Annals 40, 209-13.

1952: The dynamic basis of geomorphology. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 63, 923-25 .

Suppes, P. 1973: Space, time and geometry. Boston : D. Reidel.

Thorn, C.E. 1982: Problems in the identification of stability and structure from temporal data series. In Thorn, C.E. , editor, Time and space in geomorphology. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Geomorphology Symposium Series, Binghampton. Boston: George Allen and Unwin, 327-53.

Thornes, J.B. and Brunsden, D. 1977: Geomorphology and time. London : Methuen.

Trudgill, S.T. 1976: Rock weathering and climate: quantitative and experimental studies. In Derbyshire, E. editor, Geomorphology and climate, Toronto: John Wiley, 59-99.

Turner, J.S. 1980: Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, dissipative structures, and self-organization: some implications for biomedical research. In Scott, G.P. , McMillan, J.M. , editors, Dissipative structures and spatiotemporal organisation studies in biomedical research, Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University Press, 13-52.

Wooldridge, S.W. and Linton, D.L. 1955: Structure, surface and drainage in south east England , London: George Phillip.

Yang, C.T. 1971: Potential energy and stream morphology. Water Resources Research 7; 311-22.