Surface-atmosphere interactions over the polar oceans

Aagaard, K. and Coachman, L.K. 1975: Toward an ice-free Arctic Ocean. EOS 56,484-86.

Aagaard, K. and Greisman, P. 1975: Toward new mass and heat budgets for the Ocean . Journal of Geophysical Research 80, 3821-27.

Ackley, S.F. 1979a: A review of sea-ice weather relationships in the southern hemisphere. Paper presented at the Sea Level, Ice Sheets, and Climate Change Session, XVII Assembly of IUGG, Canberra, 2-15 December 1979.

1979 b: Sea-ice atmosphere interactions in the Weddell Sea using drifting buoys. Paper presented at the Sea Level, Ice Sheets, and Climate Change Session, XVII Assembly of IUGG, Canberra, 2-15 December 1979.

Ackley, S.F. and Keliher, T.E. 1976: Antarctic sea ice dynamics and its possible climatic effects. AIDJEX Bulletin no. 33, 53-76.

Andreas, E.L. , Paulson, C.A. , Williams, R.M. , Lindsay, R.W. and Businger, J.A. 1979: The turbulent heat flux from Arctic leads. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 17,57-91.

Antonov, V.S. 1963: The problem of the level of the Caspian Sea and runoff of the northern rivers. In Vangengeim, G. Ya. and Laktionov, A.F. , editors, Hydrometeorology of the Polar Regions, Israel Program for Scientific Translations , 1967, 250-67.

Badgley, F.G. 1966: Heat budget at the surface of the Arctic Ocean . In Fletcher J.O., editor, Proceedings of the Symposium on Arctic Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation , Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, RM-5233-NSF, 267-77.

Barnes, J.C. and Bowley, C.J. 1979: A five-year sea ice climatology of the Bering Sea derived from satellite observations. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Trondheim, Norway.

Barry, R.G. 1980: Meteorology and climatology of the seasonal sea ice zone. Cold Regions Science and Technology 2, 13 3-50.

Barry, R.G. and Hare, F.K. 1974: Arctic climate. In Ives, J.D. and Barry, R.G. , editors, Arctic and alpine environments, London : Methuen, 17-54.

Barry, R.G. and Jacobs, J.D. 1978: Energy budget studies in relation to fast ice breakup processes in Davis Strait: climatological overview. University of Colorado, INSTAAR Occasional Paper no. 26. (284pp.)

Budd, W.F. 1975: Antarctic sea ice variations from satellite sensing in relation to climate. Journal of Glaciology 15, 417-27.

Budyko, M.I. 1969: The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth. Tellus 21, 611-19.

1972: The future climate. EOS 53, 868-74.

Bergthorsson, P. 1969: An estimate of drift ice and temperature in Iceland in 1000 years. Jökull 14, 94-101.

Björnsson, H. 1969: Sea ice conditions and the atmospheric circulation north of Iceland. Jökull 19, 11-17.

Bryan, K. , Manabe, S. and Pacanowski, R.C. 1975: A global ocean-atmosphere climate model: II The oceanic circulation. Journal of Physical Oceanography 5, 30-46.

Campbell, W.J. , Ramseier, R.O. , Zwally, H.J. and Gloersen, P. 1980: Arctic sea-ice variations from time-lapse passive microwave imagery. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 18, 99-106.

Carleton, A.M. 1979: A synoptic climatology of satellite-observed extratropical cyclone activity for the southern hemisphere winter. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, serie B, 27, 265-79.

1980: Polynya development in the Cape Thompson-Point Hope Region, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 12, 205-14.

1981: Monthly variability of satellite-derived cyclonic activity for the southern hemisphere winter. Journal of Climatology.

Carmack, E.C. and Aagaard, K. 1973: On the Deep Water of the Greenland Sea. Deep-Sea Research 20, 687-715.

Chernigovskii, N.T. 1963: Radiational properties of the ice cover of the central Arctic. In Vangengeim, G. Ya. and Laktionov, A.F. , editors, Hydrometeorology of the Polar Regions, Israel Program for Scientific Translations , 1967, 268-79.

Coachman, L.K. , Aagaard, K. and Tripp, R.B. 1975: Bering Strait, the regional physical oceanography . Washington: University of Washington Press. (172pp.)

Cogley, J.G. 1979: The albedo of water as a function of latitude. Monthly Weather Review 107, 775-81.

Crane, R.G. 1978: Seasonal variations of sea ice extent in the Davis Strait-Labrador Sea area and relationships with synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation. Arctic 31,434-47.

1979: Synoptic controls on the energy budget regime of an ablating fast ice surface. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie , serie A, 28, 53-70.

Donn, W.L. and Shaw, D.M. 1966: The stability of an ice-free Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 71, 1087-95.

Dunbar, M. 1972: Increasing severity of ice conditions in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait and its effect on the extreme limits of ice. In Karlsson, T., editor, Sea ice : proceedings of an international conference, Reykjavik, Iceland, 87-93. 1973: Winter regime of the North Water. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada , series IV, 11, 275-81.

Fletcher, J.O. 1965: The heat budget of the Arctic Basin and its relation to climate. Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, R-444-PR.

1969 : Ice extent on the Southern Ocean and its relation to world climate. Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, RM-5793-NSF. (108pp.)

Fletcher, J.O. , Mintz, Y. , Arakawa, A. and Fox, T. 1971: Numerical simulation of the influence of Arctic sea ice on climate. In Energy fluxes over polar surfaces, Proceedings of the IAMAP/IAPSO/SCAR/WMO Symposium, Moscow. WMO Technical Note no. 129, 1973, 181-218.

Foster, T.D. 1978: Polar oceans: similarities and differences in their physical oceanography. In McWhinnie, M.A. , editor, Polar research: to the present, and the future , Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press , 117-40.

Foster, T.D. and Carmack, E.C. 1976: Frontal zone mixing and Antarctic Bottom Water formation in the southern Weddell Sea. Deep Sea Research 23, 301-337.

Garp 1975: The physical basis of climate and climate modelling. Report of the International Study Conference in Stockholm, 1974, GARP Publications Series no. 16, Geneva, Switzerland: WMO.

1978 : The Polar sub-programme. GARP Publications Series no. 19, Geneva, Switzerland: WMO. (49pp.)

Gavrilova, M.K. 1963: Radiation climate of the Arctic. Hydrometeorological Institute, Leningrad (178pp.) Translation by Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1966.

Gloersen, P. , Nordberg, W. , Schmugge, T.J. and Wilheit, T.T. 1973: Microwave signatures of first-year and multiyear ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 78, 3 564-72.

Gloersen, P. , Wilheit, T.T. , Chang, T.C. and Nordberg, W. 1974: Microwave maps of the polar ice of the Earth. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 55, 1442-48.

Gordon, A.L. and Taylor, H.W. 1975: Seasonal change of Antarctic sea ice cover. Science 187, 346-47.

Grenfell, T.C. 1979: The effects of ice thickness on the exchange of solar radiation over the polar oceans. Journal of Glaciology 22, 305-20.

Grenfell, T.C. and Maykut, G.A. 1977: The optical properties of ice and snow in the Arctic Basin . Journal of Glaciology 18, 445-63.

Hanson, A.M. 1965: Studies of the mass budget of Arctic pack-ice floes . Journal of Glaciology 5, 701-709.

1980: The snow cover of sea ice during the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment, 1975 to 1976. Arctic and Alpine Research 12, 215-26.

Haupt, I. and Kant, V. 1976: Satellite ice surveillance studies in the Arctic in relationship to the general circulation. In Symposium on Meteorological Observations from Space: their Contribution to the First GARP Global Experiment, COSPAR, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, 179-87.

Hay, J.E. 1976: A revised method for determining the direct and diffuse components of the total short-wave radiation. Atmosphere 14, 278-87.

Herman, G.F. and Johnson, W.T. 1978: The sensitivity of the general circulation to Arctic sea ice boundaries: a numerical experiment. Monthly Weather Review 106, 1649-64.

Hibler, W.D. 1974: Comparison of meso-scale strain measurements to linear drift theory predictions. Journal of Glaciology 13, 457-78.

1979: A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model. Journal of Physical Oceanography 9, 815-46.

1980 : Sea ice growth drift and decay. In Colbeck, S. , editor, Dynamics of snow and ice masses, New York: Academic Press, 141-209.

Hibler, W.D. and Tucker, W.B. 1979: Some results from a linear-viscous model of the Arctic ice cover. Journal of Glaciology 22, 293-304.

Hunkins, K. , Be, A.W.H. , Opdyke, N.D. and Mathieu, G. 1971: The late Cenozoic history of the Arctic Ocean. In Turekian, K.K. , editor, The late Cenozoic ages, New Haven: Yale University Press, 215-37.

Jacobs, J.D. , Barry, R.G. and Weaver, R.L. 1975: Fast ice characteristics, with special reference to the Eastern Canadian Arctic. Polar Record 17, 521-36.

Keen, R.A. 1980: Temperature and circulation anomalies in the Eastern Canadian Arctic, Summer 1946-76. University of Colorado: INSTAAR Occasional Paper no. 34. (159pp.)

Kellogg, W.W. 1975: Climatic feedback mechanisms involving the polar regions . In Weller, G. and Bowling, S.A. , editors, Climate of the Arctic , Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, 111-16.

Kimball, A.W. 1979: A DMSP near IR sensor for cloud/snow discrimination . Glaciological Data, Report GD-5, 43-47.

Klein, W.H. 1957: Principal tracks and frequencies of cyclones and anticyclones in the northern hemisphere. Washington DC , US Weather Bureau Research Paper no. 40. (60 pp.)

Koch, L. 1945: The East Greenland ice. Meddelelser om Grønland 130, part 3, 1-374.

Kondratyev, K. Ya. 1969: Radiation in the atmosphere. New York and London: Academic Press . (912pp.)

Kukla, G.J. 1978: Recent changes in snow and ice. In Gribbin J. , editor, Climatic change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 114-29.

Langleben, M.P. 1966: On the factors affecting the rate of ablation of sea ice . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3, 431-39.

1968: Albedo measurements of an Arctic ice cover from high towers . Journal of Glaciology 7, 289-97.

1969: Albedo and degree of puddling of a melting cover of sea ice. Journal of Glaciology 8, 407-12.

1971: Albedo of melting sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea . Journal of Glaciology 10, 101-104.

1972: The decay of an annual cover of sea ice. Journal of Glaciology 11, 337-44.

Le Drew, E.F. 1978: Synoptic case studies. In Barry, R.G. and Jacobs, J.D. , editors, Energy budget studies in relation to fast-ice breakup processes in Davis Strait: climatological overview University of Colorado, INSTAAR Occasional Paper no. 26, 68-104.

Lorenz, E.N. 1968: Climatic determinism. In Mitchell, J.M. , editor, Causes of climatic change, Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society , Meteorological Monograph 8, 1-3.

Manabe, S. , Bryan, K. and Spelman, M.J. 1979: A global ocean-atmosphere climate model with seasonal variation for future studies of climate sensitivity. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 3, 393-426.

Markham, W.E. 1979: Mapping and archiving of Canadian sea ice data . Glaciological Data, Report GD-5, 37-39.

Maykut, G.A. 1978: Energy exchange over young sea ice in the central Arctic . Journal of Geophysical Research 83, 3646-58.

Maykut, G.A. and Untersteiner, N. 1971: Some results of a time-dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 76, 1550-75.

Meehl, G.A. and van Loon, H. 1979: The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and northern Europe: III Teleconnections with lower latitudes. Monthly Weather Review 107, 1095-1106.

Muench, R.D. and Ahlnas, K. 1976: Ice movement and distribution in the Bering Sea from March to June 1974. Journal of Geophysical Research 81, 4467-76.

Müller, F. , Ohmura, A. and Braithwaite, R. 1976: On the climatic influence of North Water. In ICG Symposium on the Geography of Polar Countries (Extended summaries) , Leningrad: Hydrometeorology Publishing House, 55-58.

Namias, J. 1964: Seasonal persistance of European blocking during 1958-60 . Tellus 16, 394-407.

1969: Seasonal interactions between the North Pacific Ocean and atmosphere during the 1960s. Monthly Weather Review 97, 173-92.

Nasa 1979: ICEX: Ice and Climate Experiment. Report of the Science and Applications Working Group, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt , Maryland. (147pp.)

Newell, R.E. 1974: Changes in the poleward energy flux by the atmosphere and ocean as possible cause for ice ages. Quaternary Research 4, 117-27.

Newson, R.L. 1973: Response of a general circulation model of the atmosphere to removal of the Arctic ice-cap. Nature 241, 39-40.

Oort, A.H. 1974: Year-to-year variations in the energy balance of the Arctic atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 79, 1253-60.

Parkinson, C.L. 1978: A numerical simulation of the annual cycle of sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic. Ohio State University and National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR Cooperative Thesis no. 46. (191 pp.)

Parkinson, C.L. and Kellogg, W.W. 1979: Arctic sea ice decay simulated for a CO2 induced temperature rise. Climatic Change 2, 149-62.

Pease, C.H. 1980: Eastern Bering sea ice processes. Monthly Weather Review 108, 2015-23.

Perry, A.H. and Walker, J.M. 1977: The ocean-atmosphere system. London and New York: Longman . (160 pp.)

Radok, U. 1978: Climatic roles of ice: a contribution to the International Hydrological Programme. Hydrological Sciences-Bulletin des Sciences Hydrologiques 23, 333-54.

Ramanathan. V. 1977: Interaction between ice-albedo, lapse-rate and cloud top feedbacks: An analysis of the non-linear response of a GCM climate model. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 34, 1885-97.

Reiter, E.R. 1979: Some mechanisms affecting sea-surface temperature anomaly formation in the North Pacific. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie 28, 195-210.

Rogers, J.C. 1978: Meteorological factors affecting interannual variability of summertime ice extent in the Beaufort Sea. Monthly Weather Review 106, 890-97.

Sanderson, R.M. 1975: Changes in the area of Arctic sea ice 1966-74. The Meteorological Magazine 104, 313-22.

Schwerdtfeger, W. and Kachelhoffer, S.J. 1973: The frequency of cyclonic vortices over the Southern Ocean in relation to the extension of the pack ice belt. Antarctic Journal of the United States 8, 234.

SCOR Working Group 58 1979: The Arctic Ocean heat budget. Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. (98 pp.)

Sellers, W.D. 1969: A global climatic model based on the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system. Journal of Applied Meteorology 8, 392-400.

1973: A new global climate model. Journal of Applied Meteorology 12, 241-54.

Smith, W.L. , Abel, P.G. , Woolf, H.M. , McCulloch, A.W. and Johnson, B.J. 1975: The High Resolution Infra-Red Radiation Sounder (HIRS) experiment. In Sissala, J.E. , editor, The Nimbus 6 user's guide, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland , 37-58.

Streten, N.A. 1973: Satellite observations of the summer decay of the Antarctic sea ice. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie , Serie A, 22, 119-134.

Streten, N.A. and Kellas, W.R. 1973: Aspects of cloud pattern signatures of depressions in maturity and decay. Journal of Applied Meteorology 12, 23-27.

Swift, J.H. and Aagaard, K. 1978: The role of the Denmark Strait in the circulation of the North Atlantic. ICES, CM 1978/C, 46.

Thorndike, A.S. 1980: The FGGE Arctic data buoy program. Monthly Weather Review 108, 2097-99.

Trenberth, K.E. 1979: Mean annual poleward energy transports by the oceans in the southern hemisphere. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 4, 57-64.

Treshnikov, A.F. 1967: The ice of the Southern Ocean. Proceedings of the Symposium on Pacific-Antarctic Sciences, eleventh Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo, 113-23.

Troup, A.J. and Streten, N.A. 1972: Satellite-observed southern hemisphere cloud vortices in relation to conventional observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology 11, 909-17.

Vinje, T.E. 1977: Sea ice conditions in the European sector of the marginal seas of the Arctic, 1966-1975. Oslo: Norsk Polarinstitutt Arbok 1975, 163-74.

van Loon, H. 1972: Temperature in the southern hemisphere. In Newton, C.W., editor, Meteorology of the southern hemisphere, Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society, Meteorological Monograph 13, 25-58.

Vonder Haar, T.H. and Oort, A.H. 1973: New estimate of annual poleward energy transport by northern hemisphere ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 3, 169-72.

Vowinckel, E. and Orvig, S. 1966: The heat budget over the Arctic Ocean. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie B, 14, 303-25.

1967: The inversion over the Polar Ocean. Polar meteorology, WMO Technical Note 87, 39-59.

1970 : The climate of the North Polar Basin. In Orvig, S. , editor, Climates of the polar regions , Amsterdam: Elsevier, 129-52.

1973 : Synoptic energy budgets from the Beaufort Sea. Energy fluxes over polar surfaces, Proceedings of the IAMAP/IAPSO/SCAR/WMO Symposium, Moscow, 1971. WMO Technical Note no. 361, 143-66.

Wadhams, P. 1980: A comparison of sonar and laser profiles along corresponding tracks in the Arctic Ocean. In Pritchard, R.S. , editor, Sea ice processes and models, University of Washington Press, 283-99.

Walsh, J.E. and Johnson, C.M. 1979a: Interannual atmospheric variability and associated fluctuations in Arctic sea ice extent. Journal of Geophysical Research 84, 6915-28.

1979b: An analysis of Arctic sea ice fluctuations, 1953-1977 . Journal of Physical Oceanography 9, 580-91.

Warshaw, M. and Rapp, R.R. 1973: An experiment on the sensitivity of a global circulation model. Journal of Applied Meteorology 12, 43-49.

Washington, W.M. , Semtner, A.J. , Parkinson, C. and Morrison, L. 1976: On the development of a seasonal change sea ice model. Journal of Physical Oceanography 6, 679-85.

Weaver, R.L. 1976: Aspects of the radiation budget related to fast ice decay, Broughton Island, Baffin Island, NWT. University of Colorado , unpublished MSc thesis. (158 pp.)

Weller, G.E. 1968: The heat budget and heat transfer processes in Antarctic plateau ice and sea ice. Melbourne: ANARE Scientific Reports, Series A (IV), Glaciology Publication no. 102. (155 pp.)

1972: Radiation flux investigation. AIDJEX Bulletin 14, 28-30.

Wetherald, R.T. and Manabe, S. 1975: The effects of changing the solar constant on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 32, 2044-59.

Williams, E. , Swithinbank, C. and Robin, D. de Q. 1975: A submarine sonar study of Arctic pack ice. Journal of Glaciology 15, 349-62.

Williams, L.D. 1978: Ice-sheet initiation and climatic influences of expanded snow cover in Arctic Canada. Quaternary Research 10, 141-49.

Williams, J. , Barry, R.G. and Washington, W.M. 1974: Simulation of the atmosphere using the NCAR global circulation model with ice age boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Meteorology 13, 305-17.

World Data Center A for Glaciology 1979: Workshop on snow cover and sea ice data Boulder, Colorado: World Data Center A for Glaciology, Glaciological Data, Report GD-5, 2-3.

Zillman, J.W. and Price, P.G. 1972: On the thermal structure of mature Southern Ocean cyclones. Australian Meteorological Magazine 20, 34-48.

Zwally, H.J. and Gloersen, P. 1977: Passive microwave images of the polar regions and research applications. Polar Record 18, 431-50.