Short-term climatic alterations caused by human activities: status and outlook

Adams, J.A.S. , Mantovani, M.S.M. and Lundell, L.L. 1977: Wood versus fossil fuel as a source of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: a preliminary report. Science 196, 54-6.

Augustsson, T. and Ramanathan, V. 1977: A radiative-convective model study of the CO 2 climate problem. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 34, 448-51.

Bach, W. 1976a: Global air pollution and climatic change. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 14, 429-74.

1976b: Changes in the composition of the atmosphere and their impact upon climatic variability—an overview. Bonner Meteorologische Abhandlungen 24, Bonn: Ferd. Dümmlers Verlag. (51pp.)

1978a: Das CO2-Problem: Lösungsmöglichkeiten durch technische Gegensteuerung ? Umschau 78, 117-18.

1978 b: The potential consequences of increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere. In Williams, J. , editor, Carbon dioxide, climate and society, London : Pergamon Press, 141-67.

1979 : Waste heat and climatic change. In Theodore, L. , Buonicore, A. J. and Rolinski, J. , editors, Energy and the environment: interactions, volume I, West Palm Beach, Florida: CRC Press Inc., in press.

Bach, W. and Schwanhäusser, G. 1978: Can the right energy mix prevent climatic change? In Proceedings of the Conference on climate and energy: climatological aspects and industrial operations , Boston: American Meteorological Society, 140-45.

Bach, W. , Pankrath, J. and Kellogg, W. W. , editors, 1979 : Man's impact on climate. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. (327 pp.)

Baes, C.F. Jr, Goeller, H.E. , Olson, J.S. and Rotty, R.M. 1976: The global carbon dioxide problem, ORNL-5194, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. (77 pp.)

1977: The global carbon dioxide problem. American Scientist 65, 310-20.

Baumgartner, A. and Reichel, E. 1975: The world water balance. München : R. Oldenburg Verlag. (179 pp.)

Beltzner, K., editor, 1976: Living with climatic change. Proceedings of the Toronto Conference Workshop, Ottawa: Science Council of Canada. (105 pp.)

Bolin, B. 1977: Changes of land biota and their importance for the carbon cycle. Science 196, 613-15.

Broecker, W.S. , Takahashi, T. , Simpson, H.J. and Peng, T.H. 1977: The fate of fossil fuel CO2: can the global carbon budget be balanced? Report of a Workshop , WMO-no. 474, 37-41, Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

Bryson, R.A. and Baerreis, D.A. 1967: Possibilities of major climatic modifications and their implications: northwest India, a case study. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 48, 136-42.

Bryson, R.A. and Dittberner, G.J. 1976: A non-equilibrium model of hemispheric mean surface temperature. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 33, 2094-2106.

Budyko, M.I. 1969: The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the earth. Tellus 21, 611-19.

1977: On present-day climatic changes. Tellus 29, 193-204.

Campbell, W.J. and Martin, S. 1973: Oil and ice in the Arctic Ocean: possible large-scale interactions. Science 181, 56-8.

Charney, J. , Stone, P.H. and Quirk, W.J. 1975: Drought in the Sahara: a biogeophysical feedback mechanism . Science 187, 434-5.

Chervin, R.M. , Washington, W.M. and Schneider, S.H. 1976: Testing the statistical significance of the response of the NCAR general circulation model to North Pacific Ocean surface temperature anomalies. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 33, 413-23.

Dearborn, D.S.P. and Newman, M.J. 1978: Efficiency of convection and time variation of the solar constant. Science 201, 150-I.

Dwyer, H.A. and Petersen, T. 1973: Time-dependent global energy modeling. Journal of Applied Meteorology 12, 36-42.

Egger, J. 1977: The impact of waste heat on the general circulation: experiments with a three-dimensional statistical-dynamical model. Meteorologisches Institut der Universität München, unpublished manuscript.

Elliott, W.P. and Machta, L. 1978: An initial draft of a comprehensive plan for carbon dioxide research. Draft paper.

Flohn, H. 1974: Das Wasser als Grundlage unserer Ernährung: Wasserhaushalt und Wasserverbrauch. Ernährungs-Umschau 21, 9-13.

1975: Anthropogene Eingriffe in die Landschaft und Klimaänderungen . Beiheft zur Geographischen Zeitschrift, 137-49.

1977 : Man-induced input of latent and sensible heat and possible climatic variation. In Stumm, W., editor, Proceedings of the Dahlem Workshop on Global Chemical Cycles and their Alterations by Man, Berlin: Abakon Verlagsgesellschaft.

Glazier, J. , Monteith, J.L. and Unsworth, M.H. 1976: Effects of aerosols on the local heat budget of the lower atmosphere. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 102, 95-102.

Grassl, H. 1979: Possible changes of planetary albedo due to aerosol particles . In Bach, W. , Pankrath, J. and Kellogg, W. W. , editors, 229-41.

Häfele, W. 1974: A systems approach to energy. American Scientist 62, 438-47. 1976: Possible impacts of waste heat on global climate patterns. In Häfele et al., editors, Second status report on the IIASA project on energy systems 1975, 134-48. Laxenburg : International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis .

Hampicke, U. 1977: Das CO2-Risiko. Umschau 18, 599-606.

1979 : Man's impact on the earth's vegetation cover and its effects on carbon cycle and climate In Bach, W. , Pankrath, J. and Kellogg, W. W. , editors, 139-59.

Hoffert, M.J. , Wey, Y.C. , Callegari, A.J. and Broeker, W.S. 1978: Atmospheric response to deep sea injections of fossil fuel carbon dioxide. New York: Report of the NYU/DAS 78-06.

Hummel, J.R. and Reck, R.A. 1977: Development of a global surface albedo model. Paper presented at the Meteorology Section, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, California .

Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences 1977: A United States Climate Program Plan. Rockville, MD: Department of Commerce— NOAA.

Joint Organizing Committee for GARP 1975: The physical basis of climate and climate modelling. Geneva : World Meteorological Organization, GARP Publication Series no. 16.(265 pp.)

Keeling, C.D. , Bacastow, R.B. , Bainbridge, A.E. , Ekdahl, C.A. Jr., Guenther, P.R. and Waterman, L.S. 1976: Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory . Tellus 28, 538-51.

Kellogg, W.W. 1977a: Emissions and the climate. In Koenig, C. , editor, Energie und Umwelt, Essen, Germany: Vulkan Verlag, 117-23.

1977b: Effects of human activities on global climate. World Meteorological Organization Bulletin part I (October), 229-40.

1978a: Effects of human activities on global climate. World Meteorological Organization Bulletin part II (January), 3-10.

1978 b: Global influences of mankind on the climate. In Gribbin, J. , editor, Climatic change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 205-27.

Knox, J.B. and MacCracken, M.C. 1976: Concerning possible effects of air pollution on climate. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 57, 988-91.

Kohlmaier, G.H. , Fischbach, U. , Kratz, G. , Siré, E.O. , Hirschberger, J. and Schunck, W. 1979: Modelling man's impact on the subsystem atmosphere-biosphere of the global carbon cycle. In Bach, W. , Pankrath, J. and Kellogg, W. W. , editors, 161-79.

Kutzbach, J.E. 1974: Possible impact of man's energy generation on climate . Paper prepared for the International Conference on the Physical Basis of Climate and Climate Modelling, Stockholm.

Landsberg, H.E. 1976: The definition and determination of climatic changes, fluctuations and outlooks. In Kopec, R. J. , editor, Atmospheric quality and climatic change. Studies in Geography no. 9 ( Chapel Hill), 52-64.

Llewellyn, R.A. and Washington, W.M. 1977: Regional and global aspects . In Energy and climate, Washington DC : National Academy of Sciences, 106-18.

Lorenz, E. 1968: Climatic determinism. Meteorological Monographs 8, 1-3.

Machta, L. and Telegadas, K. 1974: Inadvertent large-scale weather modification. In Hess, W. N. , editor, Weather and climate modification, New York: John Wiley, 687-725.

Manabe, S. 1971: Estimates of future change of climate due to the increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the air. In Matthews, W. H. , Kellogg, W. W. and Robinson, G. D. , editors, Man's impact on the climate, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 249-64.

Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R.T. 1967: Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 24, 241-59.

1975: The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 32, 3-15.

Mason, B.J. 1976: Towards the understanding and prediction of climatic variations . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 102, 473-98.

Mitchell, J.M. Jr 1975: A reassessment of atmospheric pollution as a cause of long-term changes of global temperature. In Singer, S. F. , editor, The changing global environment, Boston: Reidel Publishing Company, 149-73.

Momiyama-Sakamoto, M. , Takeuchi, J. and Katayama, K. 1975: Signs seen in Japan of deseasonality in human mortality. Meteorology and Geophysics 26, 30-3.

Murphy, A.H. , Gilchrist, A. , Häfele, W. , Krömer, G. and Williams, J. 1976: The impact of waste heat release on simulated global climate . Laxenburg: International Institutefor Applied Systems Analysis Research Memorandum, RM-76-79. (27 pp.)

National Academy of Sciences 1975: Understanding climatic change. Washington DC.

Niehaus, F. 1976: A non-linear eight level tandem model to calculate the future CO2 and C-I4-burden to the atmosphere. Laxenburg: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Research Memorandum; RM-76-35. (50 pp.)

1979 : Carbon dioxide as a constraint for global energy scenarios . In Bach, W. , Pankrath J. and Kellogg, W. W. , editors, 161-79.

Oeschger, H. , Siegenthaler, U. , Schotterer, U. and Gugelmann, A. 1975: A box diffusion model to study the CO2 exchange in nature. Tellus 27, 168-92.

Paltridge, G.W. 1974: Global cloud cover and earth surface temperature . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 3 I, 1571-6.

Penner, S.S. 1976: Monitoring the global climatic impact of direct heat addition associated with escalating energy use. Energy I, 407-12.

Penner, S.S. and Icerman, L. 1974: Demands, resources, impact, technology, and policy I. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Pollack, J.B. , Toon, O.B. , Sagan, C. , Summers, A. , Baldwin, B. and Van Camp, W. 1976: Volcanic explosions and climatic change: a theoretical assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research 8, 1071-83.

Ramanathan, V. 1974: A simplified stratospheric radiative transfer model . Preprint Second International Conference on the Environmental Impact of Aerospace Operations in the High Atmosphere, San Diego: American Meteorological Society , 147-54.

1975: Greenhouse effect due to chlorofluorocarbons: climatic implications. Science 190, 50-2.

Ramanathan, V. and Coakley, J.A. Jr 1978: Climate modelling through radiative-convective models. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics (in press).

Raschke, E. , Von der Haar, R.H. , Pasternak, M. and Bandeen, W.R. 1973: The radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system from Nimbus 3 radiation measurements. NASA Technical Note, NASA TN D-7249. (73 pp.)

Rasool, S.I. and Schneider, S.H. 1971: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aerosols: effects of large increases on global climate. Science 173, 138-41.

Reck, R.A. 1974: Aerosols in the atmosphere: calculation of the critical absorption/backscatter ratio. Science 186, 1034-5.

1978 : Global temperature changes: relative importance of different parameters as calculated with a radiative-convective model. Warren, Michigan: General Motors Research Laboratories , Research Publication GMR-2623.

Robock, A. 1978: Internally and externally caused climate change. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 35, IIII-22.

Roether, W. 1979: Use of oceanic tracers to determine the uptake of excess CO2 into the ocean. In Bach, W. , Pankrath, J. and Kellogg, W. W. , editors, 109-14.

Rotty, R.M. 1975: Energy and climate. Oak Ridge : Institute for Energy Analysis, IEA Research Memorandum, IEA(M)-76-4. (36 pp.)

1976 : Global energy demand and related climate change. Oak Ridge: Institute for Energy Analysis , IEA Research Memorandum, IEA(M)-76-5. (19 pp.)

1977 a: Global carbon dioxide production from fossil fuel and cement, AD 1950-AD 2000. In Andersen, N. R. and Malahoff, A. , editors, The fate offossil fuel CO2 in the Oceans, New York: Plenum Publishing Company, 167-81.

1977 b: Uncertainties associated with future atmospheric CO 2 levels. Oak Ridge: Institute for Energy Analysis, ORAU/IEA(O)-I6.

1977 c: The atmospheric CO2 consequences of heavy dependence on coal. Oak Ridge: Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ORAU/IEA(M)-77-27.

Rotty, R.M. and Mitchell, J.M. Jr. 1976: Man's energy and the world's climate. AIChE Symposium Series Volume on Air Pollution and Clean Energy (in press).

Rotty, R.M. and Weinberg, A.M. 1976: How long is coal's future? Oak Ridge : Institute for Applied Systems Analysis , IEA Research Memorandum, IEA(M)-76-I. (24 pp.)

Sawyer, J.S. 1961: Notes on the response of the general circulation to changes in the solar constant. Proceedings of the Rome Symposium on Changes of Climate, Paris: UNESCO.

1974 : Can man's waste heat affect the regional climate? Paper presented at the IAMAP Symposium in Melbourne.

SCEP Report 1970: Man's impact on the global environment. Report of the Study of Critical Environmental Problems, Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT Press.

Schneider, S.H. 1975: On the carbon dioxide-climate confusion. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 32, 2060-6.

Schneider, S.H. and Dennett, R.D. 1975: Climatic barriers to long-term energy growth. Ambio 4, 65-74.

Schneider, S.H. and Mass, C. 1975: Volcanic dust, sunspots, and temperature trends . Science 190, 741-6.

Sellers, W.D. 1973: A new global climatic model. Journal of Applied Meteorology 12, 241-54.

1974: A reassessment of the effect of CO2 variations on a simple global climatic model. Journal of Applied Meteorology 13, 831-3.

1977: Water circulation on the global scale: natural factors and manipulation by man. Ambio 6, 10-12.

Siegenthaler, U. and Oeschger, H. 1978: Predicting future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels . Science 199, 388-95.

Slade, D.H. 1977: Plan for the carbon dioxide effects research and assessment program. Washington DC: Office of Carbon Dioxide Effects Research and Assessment.

SMIC Report 1971: Inadvertent climate modification. Report of the Study of Man's Impact on Climate, Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT Press.

Stuiver, M. 1978: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon reservoir changes . Science 199, 253-8.

Stumm, W. , editor, 1977: Global chemical cycles and their alterations by man. Berlin: Dahlem Konferenzen.

Temkin, R.L. and Snell, F.M. 1976: An annual zonally averaged hemispherical climatic model with diffuse cloudiness feedback. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 33, 1671-85.

Wang, W.C. , Yung, Y.L. , Lacis, A.A. , Mo, T. and Hansen, J.E. 1976: Greenhouse effects due to man-made pertubations of trace gases. Science 194, 685-90.

Washington, W.W. 1971: On the possible uses of global atmospheric models for the study of air and thermal pollution. In Matthews, W. H. , Kellogg, W. W. and Robinson, G. D. , editors, Man's impact on the climate, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 265-76.

1972: Numerical climatic-change experiments: the effects of man's production of thermal energy. Journal of Applied Meteorology II, 768-72.

Washington, W.W. and Chervin, R.M. 1978: Regional climatic effects of large-scale thermal pollution: simulating studies with the NCAR General Circulation Model. Journal of Applied Meteorology (forthcoming).

Weare, B.C. and Snell, F.M. 1974: A diffuse thin cloud atmospheric structure as a feedback mechanism in global climatic modelling. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 3 I, 1725-34.

Wetherald, R.T. and Manabe, S. 1975: The effects of changing the solar constant on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 32, 2049-59.

Williams, J. , editor, 1978: Carbon dioxide, climate and society, Oxford: Pergamon Press. (332 pp.)

1979 : Modelling the impact of large-scale energy conversion systems on global climate. In Bach, W. , Pankrath, J. and Kellogg, W. W. , editors, 253-67.

Williams, J. , Krömer, G. and Gilchrist, A. 1977a: Further studies of the impact of waste heat release on simulated global climate, part I, RM-77-I5, part 2, RM-77-34, Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.

Williams, J. , Krömer, G. and Weingart, J. , editors, 1977b: Climate and solar energy conversion CP-77-9, Laxenburg , Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. (156 pp.)

Wong, C.S. 1978: Atmospheric input of carbon dioxide from burning wood . Science 200, 197-200.

Woods, J.D. 1978: Modelling oceanic transport in studies of climate response to pollution. In Bach, W. , Pankrath, J. and Kellogg, W. W. , editors, 99-107.

Woodwell, G.M. and Houghton, R.A. 1977: Biotic influences on the world carbon budget. In Stumm, W. , editor, Global chemical cycles and their alterations by man, Berlin: Dahlem Konferenzen, 61-72.

Woodwell, G.M. , Whittaker, R.H. , Reiners, W.A. , Likens, G.E. , Delwicke, C.C. and Botkin, D.B. 1978: The biota and the world carbon budget. Science 199, 141-6.

World Meteorological Organization 1977: Report of the scientific workshop on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Geneva, WMO-no. 474.

Yamamoto, G. and Tanaka, M. 1972: Increase of global albedo due to air pollution . Journal of Applied Meteorology 29, 1405-12.

Yung, Y.L. , Wang, W.C. and Lacis, A.B. 1976: Greenhouse effect due to atmospheric nitrous oxide . Geophysical Research Letters 3, 619-21.

Zimen, K.E. , Offermann, P. and Hartmann, G. 1977: Source functions of CO2 and future CO 2 burden in the atmosphere. Zeitschrift Naturforschung 32a,1544-54.

1979 : The carbon cycle, the missing sink, and future CO2 levels in the atmosphere. In Bach, W. , Pankrath, J. and Kellogg, W. W. , editors. 129-37.