Alpinism was listed by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage activity in 2019. This centuries-old activity, which takes place in high mountain areas, has undergone many cultural, technical and societal changes since its origins. It has experienced profound transformations based on the aspirations of its practitioners, such as the birth of sport alpinism, which emerged from the vision of a few individuals who sought to participate in the rise of English Victorian bourgeois society. Environmental changes have also played a significant role. Alpinism was born in 1786 during the Little Ice Age (LIA), and the practice became more widespread from 1850 onwards, coinciding with the end of the LIA. The activity continued to evolve throughout the 20th century, benefiting from multiple and complex climatic variations, including the glacier advance from the 1970s to the end of the 1980s. In recent years, the effects of global warming have become more pronounced at high elevations. The geomorphological and glaciological processes related to this warming affect alpinists more rapidly than ever before, forcing them to develop numerous ways of adapting. Recognising and describing the effects of global warming on alpinism routes was the first step in this emerging field of study. The next step was to explain complex processes such as rockfalls and their context of occurrence, which at last helps researchers to assist alpinists in adapting to these changes.
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