Pattern and Process: A Review Essay on the Relationship between Behavioural Geography and Environmental Psychology

Acredolo L. P. 1978: Frames of reference used by children for orientation. Developmental Psychology 14, 224–34.

Ajzen I. Fishbein M. 1980: Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Allen G. L. Kirasic K. C. Siegel A. W. Herman J. F. 1979: Developmental issues in cognitive mapping: The selection and utilization of environmental landmarks. Child Development 50, 1062–70.

Altman I. Gauvain M. 1981: A cross-cultural and dialectic analysis of homes. In Liben L. S. Patterson A. H. Newcombe N. , editors, Spatial representation and behavior across the life-span, New York: Academic Press.

Anooshian L. J. Young D. 1981: Developmental changes in cognitive maps of a familiar neighbourhood. Child Development 52, 341–48.

Argyle M. 1973: Social interaction. London: Methuen.

Argyle M. Furnham A. Graham J. A. 1981: Social situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Barker R. G. 1978: Habitats, environments and human behavior. San Francisco: Hossey-Bass.

Barker R. G. Wright H. F. 1951: One boy's day. New York: Harper.

Baum A. Davis G. E. 1980: Reducing the stress of high-density living: An architectural intervention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38, 471–81.

Bennett T. Wright R. 1984: Burglars and burglary. Aldershot: Gower.

Blades M. Spencer C. P. in press: Map use by young children. Geography.

Boardman D. 1983: Graphicacy and geography teaching. London: Croom Helm.

Boden M. 1977: Artificial intelligence and natural man. Sussex, England: Harvester Press.

Brantingham P. J. Brantingham P. L. editors, 1981: Environmental criminology. London: Sage.

Bronzaft A. L. Dobrow S. B. O'Hanlon T. J. 1976: Spatial orientation in a subway system. Environment and Behavior 8, 575–94.

Byrne R. W. 1979: Memory for urban geography. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 31, 147–54.

Canter D. editor, 1975: Environmental interaction. Guildford: Surrey University Press.

Canter D. , 1977: The psychology of place. London: Architectural Press.

Canter D. , 1983: Putting situations in their place: Foundations for a bridge between social and environmental psychology. In Furnham A. , editor, Social behaviour in context, New York: Allyn and Bacon.

Canter D. Canter S. editors, 1979: Designing for therapeutic environments. Chichester: John Wiley.

Carp F. M. Carp A. 1982: Perceived environmental quality of neighbourhoods: Development of assessment scales and their relation to age and gender. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2, 295–312.

Catling S. J. 1979: Maps and cognitive maps: The young child's perception. Geography 64, 288–96.

Cavanaugh J. C. Perlmutter M. 1982: Metamemory: A critical examination. Child Development 53, 11–28.

Conning A. M. Byrne R. W. 1984: Pointing to pre-school children's spatial competence: A study in natural settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology 4, 165–75.

Cosens D. Toussaint N. 1985: An experimental study of the foraging strategy of the wood ant, Formica acquilonia. Animal Behaviour. 33, 541–52.

Donaldson M. 1978: Children's minds. Glasgow: Fontana.

Doob L. W. 1971: The patterning of time. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Downs R. M. 1984: Book review of C. Levy-Leboyer: Psychology and environment. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74, 510–12.

Ellis P. 1982: Design research in practice: Can it be scientific as well as respectable? Proceedings, 7th International Conference on People and their Physical Surroundings, Barcelona.

Ellis P. , 1982: Shared outdoor space and shared meaning. International review of applied psychology 31, 209–22.

Evans D. J. 1980: Geographical perspectives on juvenile delinquency. Aldershot: Gower.

Evans G. W. 1980: Environmental cognition. Psychological Bulletin 88, 259–87.

Evans G. W. , editor, 1982: Environmental stress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Evans G. W. Pezdek K. 1980: Cognitive mapping: Knowledge of real world distance and location information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Learning and Memory 6, 13–24.

Evans G. W. Skorpanich M. A. Garling T. Bryant K. J. Bresolin B. 1984: The effects of pathway configuration, landmarks, and stress on environmental cognition. Journal of Environmental Psychology 4, 323–35.

Evans G. W. Wood K. W. 1980: Assessment of environmental aesthetics in scenic highway corridors. Environment and Behavior 12, 255–73.

Fishbein H. D. Fehr L. A. Tieves J. 1981: Children's and adults' organization of spatial relations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 27, 111–28.

Garling T. Book A. Lindberg E. 1984: Cognitive mapping of large-scale environments. Environment and Behaviour 16, 3–34.

Garling T. Book A. Lindberg E. , 1985: Adults' memory representations of the spatial properties of their everyday physical environment. In Cohen R. editor, The development of spatial cognition, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.

Garling T. Lindberg E. Mantyla T. 1983: Orientation in buildings: Effects of familiarity, visual access, and orientation aids. Journal of Applied Psychology 68, 177–86.

Garling T. Book A. Lindberg E. Nilsson T. 1981: Memory for the spatial layout of the everyday physical environment: Factors affecting rate of acquisition. Journal of Environmental Psychology 1, 263–77.

Gilmartin P. P. 1981: The interface of cognitive and psychological research in cartography. Cartographica 18, 9–20.

Gold J. R. 1980: An introduction to behavioural geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gold J. R. Goodey B. 1983: Behavioural and perceptual geography. Progress in Human Geography 7, 578–86.

Golledge R. G. 1978: Learning about urban environments. In Carlstein T. Parkes D. Thrift N. , editors, Timing space and spacing time, London: Edward Arnold.

Golledge R. G. Hubertt L. J. 1982: Some comments on non-Euclidean mental maps. Environment and Planning A 14, 107–18.

Golledge R. G. Rushton G. 1984: A review of analytic behavioural research in geography. In Herbert D. T. Johnston R. J. , editors, 1984.

Golledge R. G. Spector A. N. 1978: Comprehending the urban environment: Theory and practice. Geographical Analysis 10, 403–26.

Guelke L. 1979: Perception, meaning and cartographic design. The Canadian Cartographer 16, 61–69.

Hall E. T. 1966: The hidden dimension. New York: Doubleday.

Harrison J. A. Sarre P. 1971: Personal construct theory in the measurement of environmental images: Problems and methods. Environment and Behavior 3, 351–74.

Harrison J. A. Sarre P. , 1975: Personal construct theory in the measurement of environmental images: Applications. Environment and Behavior 7, 3–59.

Hart R. 1979: Children's experience of place: A developmental study. New York: Irvington Press.

Hart R. A. Moore G. T. 1977: The development of spatial cognition: A review. In Downs R. M. Stea D. , editors, Image and environment: Cognitive mapping and spatial behaviour, Chicago: Aldine.

Harvey J. Corbet P. S. 1985: Territorial behaviour of larvae enhances mating success of male dragonflies. Animal Behaviour 33, 561–65.

Hedge A. 1984: Ill health among office workers: An examination of the relationship between office design and employee well-being. In Grandjean E. , editor, Ergonomics and health in modern offices, London: Taylor and Francis.

Heft H. 1979: The role of environmental features in route-learning: Two exploratory studies of way-finding. Environmental Psychology and Non-Verbal Behavior 3, 172–85.

Herbert D. 1982: The geography of urban crime. London: Longman.

Herbert D. Johnston R. J. editors, 1984: Geography and the urban environment: Progress in research and applications. Chichester: John Wiley.

Herman J. F. 1980: Children's cognitive maps of large-scale spaces: Effects of exploration, direction and repeated experience. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 29, 126–43.

Herman J. F. Roth J. F. Norton L. M. 1984: Time and distance in spatial cognition. International Journal of Behavioural Development 7, 35–51.

Hudson R. 1974: Images of the retailing environment. Environment and Behavior 6, 470–94.

Hudson R. , 1980: Personal construct theory, the repertory grid method and human geography. Progress in Human Geography 4, 346–59.

Irving H. W. 1975: A geographer looks at personality. Area 7, 207–12.

Johnston R. J. 1972: Continually changing human geography: A review of some recent literature. New Zealand Geographer 28, 78–96.

Jorgenson D. O. 1981: Perceived causal influences of weather on affective states and behaviors. Environment and Behavior 13, 239–56.

Kamil A. C. Balda R. P. 1985: Cache recovery and spatial memory in Clark's Nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 11, 95–111.

Kaplan R. 1973: Some psychological benefits of gardening. Environment and Behavior 5, 145–62.

Keates J. S. 1982: Understanding maps. Harlow, Essex: Longman.

Kelly G. A. 1955: The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.

Korte C. Grant R. 1980: Traffic noise, environmental awareness and pedestrian behavior. Environment and Behavior 12, 408–20.

Krupat E. Guild W. 1980: The measurement of community social climate. Environment and Behavior 12, 195–206.

Kuipers B. 1978: Modelling spatial knowledge. Cognitive Science 2, 129–53.

Kuipers B. , 1982: The ‘map in the head’ metaphor. Environment and Behavior 14, 202–20.

Lawton M. P. Moss M. Moles E. 1984: The suprapersonal neighbourhood context of older people. Environment and Behavior 16, 89–109.

Lee T. R. 1968: Urban neighbourhood as socio-spatial schema. Human Relations 21, 241–67.

Lee T. R. , 1981: Perception of risk. Proceedings, Royal Society of London A376, 5–16.

Levine M. 1982: You-are-here maps: Psychological considerations. Environment and Behavior 14, 221–37.

Levy-Leboyer C. 1982: Psychology and Environment. London: Sage.

Lindberg E. Gärling T. 1982: Acquisition of locational information about reference points during locomotion: The role of central information processing. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 23, 207–18.

Loo C. Ong P. 1984: Crowding perceptions, attitudes and consequences among the Chinese. Environment and Behavior 16, 55–87.

McNamara J. Houston A. 1985: A simple model of information use in the exploitation of patchily distributed food. Animal Behaviour 33, 553–60.

Menzel E. W. 1973: Chimpanzee spatial memory organization. Science 182, 943.

Milgram S. 1970: The experience of living cities. Science 167, 1461–68.

Mills C. W. 1970: The sociological imagination. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Moos R. H. 1976: The human context: Environmental determinants of behavior. New York: John Wiley.

Muller J.-C. 1982: Non-Euclidean geographic spaces: Mapping functional distances. Geographical Analysis 14, 189–203.

Murray D. Spencer C. P. 1979: Individual differences in the drawing of cognitive maps: The effects of geographical mobility, strength of mental imagery, and basic graphic ability. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers 4, 385–91.

Newman O. 1972: Defensible space. London: Architectural Press.

Olivegren J. 1974: A better sociopsychological climatc in our housing estates. In Canter D. Lee T. , editors, Psychology and the built environment, London: Architectural Press.

Olson J. M. 1979: Cognitive cartographic experimentation. The Canadian Cartographer 16, 34–44.

Osgood C. E. Suci G. Tannenbaum P. H. 1957: The measurement of meaning. Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

Parkes D. Thrift N. 1980: Times, spaces and places. New York: John Wiley.

Passini R. 1984: Way finding in architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold.

Piaget J. 1929: The child's conception of the world. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Piaget J. Inhelder B. 1956: The child's conception of space. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Pocock D. C. D. 1976: Some characteristics of mental maps: An empirical study. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers 1, 493–512.

Potter R. B. 1984: Consumer behaviour and spatial cognition in relation to extra-version-introversion dimension of personality. Journal of Social Psychology 123, 29–34.

Potter R. B. Coshall J. T. 1984: The hand analysis of repertory grids. Area 16, 315–22.

Presson C. C. Somerville S. C. 1985: Beyond egocentrism: A new look at the beginnings of spatial representation. In Wellman H. , editor, Children's searching: The development of search skill and spatial representation, Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

Proshansky H. M. 1976: Environmental psychology and the real world. American Psychologist 31, 303–10.

Raemaekers J. J. Raemaekers P. M. 1985: Field playback of loud calls to gibbons (Hylobates lar): Territorial, sex-specific and species-specific responses. Animal Behaviour 33, 481–93.

Richardson G. D. 1981: The appropriateness of using various Minkowskian metrics for representing cognitive configurations. Environment and Planning A 13, 475–85.

Robinson M. E. Dicken P. 1979: Cloze procedure and cognitive mapping. Environment and Behaviour 11, 351–73.

Rowles G. D. 1972: Choice in geographic space. Bristol University, unpublished MPhil thesis.

Rowles G. D. , 1983: Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology 3, 299–313.

Russell J. A. Pratt G. 1980: A description of the affective quality attributed to environments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38, 311–22.

Russell J. A. Ward L. M. 1982: Environmental psychology. Annual Review of Psychology 33, 651–88.

Saarinen T. F. Sell J. L. 1980: Environmental perception. Progress in Human Geography 4, 525–47.

Saarinen T. F. Sell J. L. Husband E. 1982: Environmental perception: International efforts. Progress in Human Geography 6, 515–46.

Sadalla E. K. Magel S. G. 1980: The perception of traversed distance. Environment and Behaviour 12, 65–79.

Sadalla E. K. Staplin L. J. 1980: The perception of traversed distance, intersections. Environment and Behavior 12, 167–82.

Sane P. 1973: Urban images. In Rees J. Newby P. T. , editors, Behavioural perspectives in geography, Middlesex Polytechnic Monographs in Geography 1.

Schank R. E. Abelson R. P. 1977: Scripts, plans, goals and understanding. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.

Sime J. D. 1983: Affiliative behaviour during escape to building exits. Journal of Environmental Psychology 3, 21–41.

Sommer R. 1969: Personal space. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Smith T. R. Pelegrino J. W. Golledge R. G. 1982: Computational process modeling of spatial cognition and behaviour. Geographical Analysis 14, 304–25.

Spencer C. P. Darvizeh Z. 1981: The case for developing a cognitive environmental psychology that does not underestimate the abilities of young children. Journal of Environmental Psychology 1, 21–31.

Spencer C. P. Dixon J. 1983: Mapping the development of feelings about the city: A longitudinal study of new residents' affective maps. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers 8, 373–83.

Spencer C. P. Travis J. 1985: Learning a new area with and without the use of tactile maps: A comparative study. British Journal of Visual Impairment 3, 5–7.

Stringer P. 1976: The demands of personal construct theory: A commentary. In Moore G. T. Golledge R. G. , editors, Environmental knowing. New York: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.

Thorndyke P. W. Stasz C. 1980: Individual differences in procedures for knowledge acquisition from maps. Cognitive Psychology 12, 137–75.

Torell G. Biel A. 1985: Parents influence on children's cognitive maps and of activity ranges in residential neighborhoods. In Garling T. Valsiner J. , editors, Children in environments, New York: Plenum Press.

Ulrich R. S. 1981: Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior 13, 523–56.

Van der Plight J. Van der Linden J. Ester P. 1982: Attitudes to nuclear energy: Beliefs, values and false consensus. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2, 221–31.

Walter M. A. H. B. 1978: The territorial and the social: Perspectives on the lack of community in high rise and high-density living in Singapore. Ekistics 270, 236–42.

Wellman H. M. Somerville S. C. Haake R. J. 1979: Devolopment of search procedures in real-life spatial environments. Developmental Psychology 15, 530–42.

Wicker A. W. 1979: An introduction to ecological psychology. Monterey: Brookes-Cole.

Wiltschko R. Wiltschko W. 1985: Pigeon homing: Change in navigation strategy during ontogeny. Animal Behaviour 33, 583–90.

Womble P. Studebaker S. 1981: Crowding in a national park campground. Environment and Behavior 13, 557–73.

Wood D. Beck R. 1976: Talking with ‘Environmental A’, an experimental mapping language. In Moore G. T. Golledge R. G. , editors, Environmental knowing, New York: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.

Zube E. H. 1984: Enviromental evaluation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.