The almost verbatim parallels of the dietary laws in Lev. 11 and Deut. 14 have baffled scholars for a long time. We reexamine the evidence, offer a novel approach to determining the direction of dependency, and point out the notable similarities the borrowing bears to Second Temple editorial and redactional practices, drawing on recent Qumran scholarship. We conclude that Deut. 14.3–21 may be one of the earliest specimens of Rewritten Scripture.
BotteroJean, ‘Le “Code” de Hammurabi’, in Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa12 (1982), pp. 409–44; translated into English as ‘“Code” of Hammurabi’, in idem (ed.), Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning and the Gods (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 156–84.
5.
BrookeGeorge, ‘4Q158: Reworked Pentateucha or Reworked Pentateuch A?’, DSD8 (2001), pp. 219–41.
6.
CarrDavid McLain, ‘The Formation of the Hebrew Bible: A New Reconstruction’ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
7.
CarrDavid McLain, ‘Data to Inform Debates about the Formation of the Pentateuch: From Documented Cases of Transmission History to Survey of Rabbinic Exegesis’, in GertzJan-ChristianLevinsonBernard N.et al. (eds.), The Formation of the Pentateuch. Bridging the Academic Cultures of Europe, Israel, and North America (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006), pp. 87–106.
8.
CarrDavid McLain, ‘Method in Determination of Direction of Dependence: An Empirical Test of Criteria Applied to Exodus 34,11–26 and its Parallels’, in KöckertMatthiasBlumErhard (eds.), Gottes Volk am Sinai. Untersuchungen zu Ex 32–34 und Dtn 9–11 (Gütersloh: Chr. Kaiser Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2001), pp. 107–40.
9.
DaubeDavid, ‘Rabbinic Methods of Interpretation and Hellenistic Rhetoric’, in CarmichaelCalum M. (ed.), Collected Works of David Daube. Volume One. Talmudic Law (Berkeley: Robbins Collection, 1992), pp. 333–56.
10.
DaubeDavid, ‘Alexandrian Methods of Interpretation and the Rabbis’, in CarmichaelCalum M. (ed.), Collected Works of David Daube. Volume One. Talmudic Law (Berkeley: Robbins Collection, 1992), pp. 357–79.
11.
DillmannAugust, Die Bücher Exodus und Leviticus (KEH 12; Lepizig: Hirzel, 31897).
12.
DriverSamuel Rolles, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 31986).
13.
DriverSamuel Rolles, An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1972).
14.
EerdmansBernardus Dirk, Alttestamentliche Studien IV: Das Buch Leviticus (Gießen: Töpelmann, 1912).
FinkelsteinLouis, Volume 4, Sefer Torat Kohanim (New York: JTS, 1990).
18.
FraadeSteven D., ‘Temple Scroll as Rewritten Bible: When Genres Bend’, in GolsteinBinyaminSegalMichaelBrookeGeorge J. (eds.), Haish Moshe: Studies in Scriptural Interpretation in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature in Honor of Moshe J. Bernstein (Leiden: Brill, 2018), pp. 136–154.
19.
GoodacreMark, ‘Fatigue in the Synoptics’, New Testament Studies44.1 (1998), pp. 45–58.
20.
GreenbergMoshe, ‘The Use of the Ancient Versions for Interpreting the Hebrew Text’, SVT29 (1978), pp. 131–48.
HoustonWalter J., Purity and Monotheism. Clean and Unclean Animals in Biblical Law (JSOT.S 140; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993).
24.
JastramNathan, ‘A Comparison of Two “Proto-Samaritan” Texts from Qumran: 4QpaleoExodm and 4QNumb’, DSD 5 (1998), pp. 264–89.
25.
JoostenJan, People and Land in the Holiness Code (Leiden: Brill, 1996).
26.
KahanaMenahem I., Sifrei Bamidbar. Part 1: The Edition (Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2011).
27.
KalischMarcus M., Leviticus (London: Longmans, 1872).
28.
KaufmannYehezkel, The Religion of Israel: From Its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile (trans. by GreenbergMoshe; Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1960).
29.
KnohlIsrael, The Sanctuary of Silence. The Priestly Torah and the Holiness School (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2001).
30.
KuenenAbraham, Historisch-kritische Einleitung in die Bücher des Alten Testaments hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehung und Sammlung I. Entstehung des Hexateuch (Leipzig: Otto Schulze, 1887), translated into English as The Origin and Composition of the Hexateuch (London: Macmillan, 1886).
31.
LiebermanSaul, Greek in Jewish Palestine/Hellenism in Jewish Palestine (New York/Jerusalem: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1994).
32.
MaierJohann, The Temple Scroll. An Introduction. Translation and Commentary (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1987).
MilgromJacob, Leviticus 1–16. A Translation with Introduction and Commentary (AB 3; New York: Doubleday, 1991).
35.
MonroeLauren A.S., Josiah’s Reform and the Dynamics of Defilement: Israelite Rites of Violence and the Making of a Biblical Text (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
36.
MoranWilliam L., ‘The Literary Connection between Lev 11,13-19 and Dt 14,12-18’, CBQ28 (1966), pp. 271–77.
RendtorffRolf, Die Gesetze in der Priesterschrift: Eine gattungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung (FRLANT 62; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1954).
44.
RoféAlexander, Introduction to the Composition of the Pentateuch (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999).
45.
Rom-ShiloniDalit, ‘How can you say, “I am not defiled…”? (Jeremiah 2:20–25): Allusions to Priestly Legal Traditions in the Poetry of Jeremiah’, Journal of Biblical Literature133.4 (2014), pp. 757–75.
46.
SegalMichael, ‘The Text of the Hebrew Bible in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls’, Materia Giudaica12 (2007), pp. 5–20.
47.
SteuernagelCarl, Das Deuteronomium (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 31923).
48.
SwansonDwight D., The Temple Scroll and the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1995).
49.
TalmonShemaryahu, ‘The Old Testament Text’, in Peter R. Ackroyd and Christopher F. Evans (eds.), The Cambridge History of the Bible I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 159–99.
50.
TeeterAndrew, ‘The Hebrew Bible and/as Second Temple Literature: Methodological Reflections’, Dead Sea Discoveries20 (2013), pp. 349–377.
51.
TeeterAndrew, ‘On “Exegetical Function” in Rewritten Scripture: Inner-Biblical Exegesis and the Abram/Ravens Narrative in “Jubilees”’, The Harvard Theological Review106.4 (2013), pp. 373–402.
52.
TigayJeffrey H., ‘Conflation as a Redactional Technique’, in idem (ed.), Empirical Models for Biblical Criticism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), pp. 53– 95.
53.
TovEmanuel, ‘“Proto-Masoretic,” “Pre-Masoretic,” “Semi-Masoretic,” and “Masoretic”: A Study in Terminology and Textual Theory’, in BarkerJames W.Le DonneAnthonyLohrJoel N. (eds)., Found in Translation, Essays on Jewish Biblical Translation in Honor of Leonard J. Greenspoon (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2018), pp. 31–52.
54.
TovEmanuel, ‘From 4QReworked Pentateuch to 4QPentateuch (?)’, in idem (ed.), Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint. Collected Essays, Volume 3 (Leiden: Brill, 2015), pp. 45–59.
55.
TovEmanuel, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint. Collected Essays, Volume 3 (Leiden: Brill, 2015).
56.
TovEmanuel, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 32012).
TovEmanuel, ‘Rewritten Bible Compositions and Biblical Manuscripts, with Special Attention to the Samaritan Pentateuch’, DSD5 (1998), pp. 334–54.
59.
TovEmanuelWhiteSidnie, ‘4QReworked Pentateuch’, in AttridgeHaroldet al. (eds.), Qumran Cave 4. VIII: Parabiblical Texts. Part 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), pp. 255–318.
60.
TovEmanuel, ‘The Original Shape of the Hebrew Text’, in EmertonJohn A. (ed.), Congress Volume Leuven 1989 (Leiden: Brill, 1991), pp. 345–59.
61.
UlrichEugene, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Developmental Composition of the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 2015).
62.
VeijolaTimo, Das Königtum in der Beurteilung der deuteronomistischen Historiographie. Eine redaktionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung (AASF. Ser. B 198; Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakat, 1977).
63.
VermesGéza, The Dead Sea Scrolls Forty Years on. The Fourteenth Sacks Lecture Delivered on 20th May 1987 (Oxford: The Oxford Center for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies, 1987).
64.
VermesGéza, Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies (Leiden: Brill, 21973).
65.
von RadGerhard, Deuteronomy (London: SCM Press, 1966).
66.
WeinfeldMoshe, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1992).
67.
WellhausenJulius, Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments (Berlin: De Gruyter, 31899).
68.
WestbrookRaymond, Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Law (Paris: Gabalda, 1988).
69.
White CrawfordSidnie, Rewriting Scripture in Second Temple Times (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2008).
70.
White CrawfordSidnie, The Temple Scroll and Related Texts (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000).
71.
YadinYigael, The Temple Scroll. The Hidden Law of the Dead Sea Sect (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1985).
72.
ZahnMolly M., Rethinking Rewritten Scripture. Composition and Exegesis in the 4Q Reworked Pentateuch Manuscripts (Leiden: Brill, 2011).
