■ Despite a long tradition of urban history or, more precisely, a long history of urban life, the study of it might well seem to have been very short. My question in this article is not concerned with various forms of urban transformation taking place in today's China, nor with expressions of the best and the worst extremes of human potentials in the development of large metropolises, nor with the effort of the state to control and manage a growing number of urban populations. Rather, my inquiry is into the historical meaning of the notion of `urban' in Chinese anthropology and the `urban question', as Manuel Castells called it, in the context of China at the very present moment.
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