The Canadian Urban Victimization Survey (CUVS) has made an important contribution to the development of victimology in Canada. This research has major limitations that preclude it from providing an adequate understanding of the gender, class, and ethnic dimensions of criminal victimization. This article argues that British left realist survey technology can be productively employed in a Canadian program of local crime survey research to produce a more detailed description of patterns of victimization, its impact, and control.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Akman, D. , & Normandeau, A. (1980). The measurement of crime and delinquency in Canada. In R. Silverman & J. Teevan (Eds.), Crime in Canadian society (pp. 121-132). Toronto: Butterworths.
2.
Boehringer, B. , Brown, D., Edgeworth, B., Hogg, R., & Ramsey, T. (1983). Law and order for progressives?: An Australian response. Crime and Social Justice, 19, 2-12.
3.
Bograd, M. (1988). Feminist perspectives on wife abuse: An introduction. In K. Yllo & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 11-26). Beverly Hills: Sage.
4.
Brickman, J. , Briere, J., Ward, M., Kalef, M., & Lungen, A. (1980). Preliminary report of the Winnipeg rape incidence project. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Quebec City.
5.
Brinicerhoff, M. , & Lupri, E. (1988). Interspousal violence. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 13, 407-434.
6.
Bureau of Justice Statistics . (1989). Criminal victimization 1988. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Justice.
7.
Catlin, G. , & Murray, S. (1979). Report on Canadian victimization survey methodological pretests. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
8.
Chambers, G. , & Tombs, J. (1984). The British crime survey: Scotland. Edinburgh: HMSO.
9.
Cohen, S. (1972). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the mods and rockers. London: Blackwell.
10.
DeKeseredy, W. (1988a). Woman abuse in dating relationships: A critical evaluation of research and theory. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 18, 79-96.
11.
DeKeseredy, W. (1988b). Woman abuse in dating relationships: The role of male peer support. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press.
12.
DeKeseredy, W. , & Hinch, R. (1990). The multidimensional nature of woman abuse in Canada. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Baltimore.
13.
DeKeseredy, W. , & MacLean, B. (1990). Researching woman abuse in Canada: A realist critique of the conflict tactics scale. Canadian Review of Social Policy.
14.
DeKeseredy, W. , & Schwartz, M. (1989). British and U.S. left realism: A critical comparison. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Reno.
15.
DeKeseredy, W. , & Schwartz, M. (1990). British left realism on the abuse of women: A critical appraisal. In H. Pepinsky & R. Quinney (Eds.), Criminology as peacemaking. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
16.
DeSilva, S. , & Silverman, R. (1985). Innovations in Canadian crime measurement. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Diego.
17.
Dobash, R. , & Dobash, R. (1988). Research as social action: The struggle for battered women. In K. Yllo & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 51-74). Beverly Hills: Sage.
18.
Edwards, S. (1989). Policing domestic violence. Beverly Hills: Sage.
19.
Elias, R. (1986). The politics of victimization: Victims, victimology and human rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
20.
Evans, J. , & Himelfarb, A. (1987). Counting crime. In R. Linden (Ed.), Criminology: A Canadian perspective (pp. 43-73). Toronto: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
21.
Evans, J. , & Leger, G. (1979). Canadian victimization surveys. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 2, 166-183.
22.
Finkelhor, D. (1979). Sexually victimized children. New York: Free Press.
23.
Finkelhor, D. (1984). Child sexual abuse: New theory and research. New York: Free Press.
24.
Gelles, R. , & Straus, M. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. Toronto: Touchstone.
25.
Groves, R. , & Kahn, R. (1979). Surveys by telephone. New York: Academic Press.
26.
Gunn, R. , & Minch, C. (1988). Sexual assault: The dilemma of disclosure, the question of conviction. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
27.
Hagan, J. (1985). Modern criminology: Crime, criminal behavior, and its control. Toronto: McGraw-Hill.
28.
Hall, R. (1985). Ask any woman: A London inquiry into rape and sexual assault. London: Falling Wall Press.
29.
Hall, S. , Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state, and law and order. London: Macmillan.
30.
Harman, L. (1989). When a hostel becomes a home: Experience of women. Toronto: Garamond Press.
31.
Hinch, R. (1989). Teaching critical criminology and critical justice studies in Canada. Journal of Human Justice, 1, 63-76.
32.
Hindelang, M. , Gottfredson, M., & Garofalo, J. (1978). Victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
33.
Home Office Research & Planning Unit . (1984). Research Programme, 1984-1985. London: HMSO.
34.
Hough, M. , & Mayhew, P. (1983). The British crime survey. London: HMSO.
35.
Hough, M. , & Mayhew, P. (1985). Taking account of crime: Key findings from the 1984 British crime survey. London: HMSO.
36.
Jones, T. , MacLean, B., & Young, J. (1986). The Islington crime survey: Crime, victimization and policing in inner-city London. London: Gower.
37.
Karmen, A. (1990). Crime victims: An introduction to victimology. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
38.
Kelly, L. (1988). How women define their experiences of violence. In K. Yllo & M. Bograd (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse (pp. 114-132). Beverly Hills: Sage.
39.
Kelly, L. , & Radford, J. (1987). The problem of men: Feminist perspectives on sexual violence. In P. Scraton (Ed.), Law, order and the authoritarian state: Readings in critical criminology (pp. 237-253). Philadelphia: Open University Press.
40.
Kennedy, L. , & Dutton, D. (1989). The incidence of wife assault in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 21, 40-54.
41.
Kinsey, R. (1990). Left realism and the prison. London: Pluto Press.
42.
Kinsey, R. , Lea, J., & Young, J. (1986). Losing the fight against crime. London: Basil Blackwell.
43.
Koenig, D. (1987). Conventional crime. In R. Linden (Ed.), Criminology: A Canadian perspective (pp. 242-269). Toronto: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
44.
LaPrairie, C. (1983). Family violence in rural, northern communities: A proposal for research and program development. Ottawa: Solicitor General of Canada.
45.
Lea, J. , & Young, J. (1984). What is to be done about law and order?New York: Penguin.
46.
Lea, J. , & Young, J. (1986). A realistic approach to law and order. In B. MacLean (Ed.), The political economy of crime: Readings for a critical criminology (pp. 358-384). Toronto: Prentice-Hall.
47.
Lupri, E. (1989). Male violence in the home. Canadian Social Trends, Autumn, 19-21.
48.
Lupri, E. , & Price, M. (1990). Wife abuse across the life course. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association, Victoria, B.C.
49.
Lynch, M. , & Groves, W. (1989). A primer in radical criminology. New York: Harrow & Heston.
50.
MacLean, B. (1986). Critical criminology and some limitations of traditional inquiry. In B. MacLean (Ed.), The political economy of crime: Readings for a critical criminology (pp. 1-20). Scarborough: Prentice-Hall.
51.
MacLean, B. (1989a). Left realism and police accountability in Canada. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association, Quebec City.
52.
MacLean, B. (1989b). In partial defence of socialist realism. Paper presented at the British Criminology Conference, Bristol Polytechnic.
53.
MacLean, B. , Jones, T., & Young, J. (1986). Preliminary report of the Islington crime survey. London: The London Borough of Islington Police Sub-Committee.
54.
MacLeod, L. (1987). Battered but not beaten: Preventing wife battering in Canada. Ottawa: Advisory Council on the Status of Women.
55.
Matthews, R. , & Young, J. (Eds.). (1986). Confronting crime. Beverly Hills: Sage.
56.
Mayhew, P. , & Hough, M. (1988). The British crime survey: Origins and impact. In M. Maguire & J. Pointing (Eds.), Victims of crime: A new deal? (pp. 156-163). Philadelphia: Open University Press.
57.
Mills, C. (1959). The sociological imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
58.
O'Brien, R. (1985). Crime and victimization data. Beverly Hills: Sage.
59.
Pearce, F. (1976). Crimes of the powerful: Marxism, crime and deviance. London: Pluto Press.
60.
Phipps, A. (1986). Radical criminology and criminal victimization. In R. Matthews & J. Young (Eds.), Confronting crime (pp. 97-117). Beverly Hills: Sage.
61.
Pointing, J. , & Maguire, M. (1988). Introduction: The rediscovery of the crime victim. In M. Maguire & J. Pointing (Eds.), Victims of crime: A new deal? (pp. 1-13). Philadelphia: Open University Press.
62.
Radford, J. (1987). Policing male violence-policing women. In J. Hanmer & M. Maynard (Eds.), Women, violence and social control (pp. 30-45). Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities International Press.
63.
Russell, D. (1982). Rape in marriage. New York: Macmillan.
64.
Russell, D. (1984). Sexual exploitation: Rape, child sexual abuse, and workplace harassment. Beverly Hills: Sage.
65.
Russell, D. (1986). The secret trauma: Incest in the lives of girls and women. New York: Basic Books.
66.
Schulman, M. (1979). A survey of spousal violence against women in Kentucky. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
67.
Sheatsley, P. (1983). Questionnaire construction and item writing. In P. Rossi, J. Wright, & A. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of survey research (pp. 195-230). Toronto: Academic Press.
68.
Siegel, L. (1989). Criminology. New York: West Publishing Company.
69.
Silverman, R. , & Teevan, J. (1986). Measuring crime and delinquency. In R. Silverman & J. Teevan (Eds.), Crime in Canadian society (pp. 73-89). Toronto: Butterworths.
70.
Skogan, W. (1975). The use of victimization surveys in criminal justice planning. In L. Oberlander (Ed.), Quantitative tools for criminal justice planning. Washington, DC: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.S. Dept. of Justice.
71.
Skogan, W. (1981). Issues in measurement of victimization. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
72.
Smith, M. (1985). Woman abuse: The case for surveys by telephone. Toronto: LaMarsh Research Programme on Violence and Conflict Resolution, York University.
73.
Smith, M. (1986). Effect of question format on the reporting of woman abuse: A telephone survey experiment. Victimology, 11, 430-438.
74.
Smith, M. (1987). The incidence and prevalence of woman abuse in Toronto. Violence and Victims, 2, 173-187.
75.
Smith, M. (1989). Woman abuse: The case for surveys by telephone. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 308-324.
76.
Solicitor General of Canada . (1983). Canadian urban victimization survey: Victims of crime. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
77.
Solicitor General of Canada . (1984a). Canadian urban victimization survey: Reported and unreported crimes. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
78.
Solicitor General of Canada . (1984b). Canadian urban victimization survey: Crime prevention: Awareness and Practice. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
79.
Solicitor General of Canada . (1985a). Canadian urban victimization survey: Female victims of crime. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
80.
Solicitor General of Canada . (1985b). Canadian urban victimization survey: Cost of crime to victims. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
81.
Solicitor General of Canada . (1985c). Canadian urban victimization survey: Criminal victimization of elderly Canadians. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
82.
Solicitor General of Canada . (1986). Reported and unreported crimes. In R. Silverman & J. Teevan (Eds.), Crime in Canadian society (pp. 98-114). Toronto: Butterworths.
83.
Solicitor General of Canada . (1987). Canadian urban victimization survey: Patterns in violent crime. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
84.
Solicitor General of Canada . (1988). Canadian urban victimization survey: Multiple victimization. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
85.
Sparks, R. (1982). Research on victims of crime: Accomplishments, issues and new directions. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Social Services.
86.
Stanko, E. (1985). Intimate intrusions. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
87.
Statistics Canada . (1985). Canadian crime statistics. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services.
88.
Stets, J. , & Straus, M. (1990). Gender differences in reporting marital violence and its medical and psychological consequences. In M. Straus & R. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
89.
Straus, M. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75-88.
90.
Straus, M. , & Gelles, R. (1986). Societal change and change in family violence rates from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 465-479.
91.
Straus, M. , Gelles, R., & Steinmetz, S. (1981). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. New York: Anchor.
92.
Straus, M. , Sweet, S., & Vissing, Y. (1989). Verbal aggression against spouses and children in a nationally representative sample of American families. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association, San Francisco.
93.
Sudman, S. (1983). Applied sampling. In P. Rossi, J. Wright, and A. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of survey research (pp. 145-193). Toronto: Academic Press.
94.
Taylor, I. (1981). Law and order: Arguments for socialism. London: Macmillan.
95.
Taylor, I. (1988). Left realism, the free market economy and the problem of social order. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago.
96.
Thomas, J. , & O'Maolchatha, A. (1989). Reassessing the critical metaphor: An optimistic revisionist view. Justice Quarterly, 6, 143-172.
97.
Walklate, S. (1989). Appreciating the victim: Conventional, realist or critical victimology. Paper presented at the British Criminology Conference, Bristol Polytechnic.
98.
Walker, L. (1979). The battered women. New York: Harper & Row.
99.
Wilson, J. (1985). Thinking about crime (Rev. Ed.). New York: Vintage.
100.
Young, J. (1979). Left idealism, reformism and beyond. In B. Fine, R. Kinsey, J. Lea, S. Picciotto, & J. Young (Eds.), Capitalism and the Rule of Law (pp. XX-XX). London: Hutchinson.
101.
Young, J. (1986). The failure of criminology: The need for a radical realism. In R. Matthews & J. Young (Eds.), Confronting crime (pp. 4-30). Beverly Hills: Sage.
102.
Young, J. (1988a). Radical criminology in Britain: The emergence of a competing paradigm. British Journal of Criminology, 28, 159-183.
103.
Young, J. (1988b). Risk of crime and fear of crime: A realist critique of survey-based assumptions. In M. Maguire & J. Pointing (Eds.), Victims of crime: A new deal? (pp. 164-173). Philadelphia: Open University Press.
