Wines, Frederick H. (1971) Punishment and Reformation, USA: Benjamin Bloom, p.85.
2.
Wood, Arthur E. & Waite, John B. (1941) Crime and Its Treatment USA: American Book, pp. 464-465.
3.
Wines, op. cit. supra, 1, p.85.
4.
Hentig, Hans van (1937) Punishment, Its Origin , Purpose and Psychology, U.K.: William Hodge, pp. 197-200.
5.
Shakespeare, William Romeo and Juliet, Act III, Scene 3.
6.
Wood & Waite, op. cit supra, 2, pp. 466-467.
7.
Wines, op. cit. supra, 1, p. 162.
8.
Elliott, Mabel A. (1952) Crime in Modern Society, USA: Harper & Brothers, pp. 734-735.
9.
Wilson, Margaret , (1931) The Crime of Punishment , USA: Harcourt Brace, pp. 94-100.
10.
Wines, op. cit. supra, 1, p. 163.
11.
Barnes, Harry E. (1930) The Story of Punishment , USA: Stratford, p. 71.
12.
For a more detailed account of transportation to the American colonies, see: Blumenthal, Walter H. (1973), Brides from Bridewell, Female Felons Sent to Colonial America, USA: Greenwood.
13.
For an extended discussion of the British prison hulks, see: Branch-Johnson, William (1957) The English Prison Hulks, UK: C. Johnson.
14.
Barnes, op. cit. supra, 12, pp. 74-76.
15.
Shaw, Alan G. L. (1966) Convicts and the Colonies , UK: Faber, p. 150.
16.
Robson, Lloyd L. (1965) The Convict Settlers of Australia, Australia : Melbourne Univ. Press, pp. 170-187.
17.
O'Brien, Eris M. (1970) The Foundation of Australia , USA: Greenwood, pp. 178-192.
18.
For another interesting source on the Australian experience with transportation, see: Ritchie, John (1970) Punishment and Profit, Australia: Heinemann.
19.
Tappan, Paul W. (1960) Crime, Justice and Correction , USA: McGraw-Hill, p. 593.
20.
Belbenoit, Rene' (1938) Fifteen Years among the Living Dead, USA: Dutton.
21.
von Hentig, op. cit. supra, 4, p. 201.
22.
Wines, op. cit. supra, 1, pp. 176-177.
23.
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 1. (1963) One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, USA: Bantam. The Gulag Archipelago (1973) USA: Harper & Row, and The Gulag Archipeligo Two (1975) USA: Harper & Row.
24.
Sykes, Gresham (1966) The Society of Captives , USA: Athenewin, pp. 18-39;
25.
Galtung, Johan (1958) The Social Functions of a Prison, Social Problems, 6, 127-140;
26.
Reasons, Charles E. & Kaplan, Russell L. (1975) Tear Down the Walls? Some Functions of Prisons, Crime and Delinquency, 21, 360-372.
27.
Lipton, Douglas; Martinson, Robert & Wilks, Judith (1975) The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment, USA: Praeger.
28.
See for example, Bowker, Lee H. (1977) Prisoner Violence: A Permanent Epidemic? Paper given at the 106th Congress of Corrections of the American Correctional Association, Milwaukee;
29.
Bowker, Lee H. (1978) Victimization in Correctional Institutions: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Paper given at the annual meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, New Orleans; and Scacco, Anthony M. Jr. (1975) Rape in Prison , USA: Charles C. Thomas.
30.
Toch, Hans (1975) Men in Crisis, USA: Aldine;
31.
Johnson, Robert (1976) Culture and Crisis in Confinement, USA: Heath;
32.
Sylvester, F.; Reed, John H.; & Nelson, David O. : (1977) Prison Homicide, USA: Halsted, pp. 10, 73.
33.
Paulus, P.; Cox, V.; McCain, G. & Chandler, J.: (1975), Some Effects of Crowding in a Prison Environment , Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 5, 90-91;
34.
and Kinzel, A.F. (1797) Body Buffer Zone in Violent Prisoners, American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 59-64.
35.
Bartollas, Clemens ; Miller, Stuart J. & Dinitz , Simon (1976) Juvenile Victimization, the Institutional Paradox, USA: Halsted, pp. 197-215.
36.
Allport, Gordon W. (1958) The Nature of Prejudice , USA: Doubleday.
37.
Blalock, Hubert M. (1967) Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations, USA: John Wiley.
38.
Thomas, Charles W. & Foster, Samuel C. (1972) Prisonization in the Inmate Contraculture, Social Problems, 20, 235-237.
39.
Ross, B. (1978) Changing of The Guard: Citizen Soldiers in Wisconsin Correctional Institutions, USA: League of Women Voters.
40.
Sykes, Gresham (1975) The Corruption of Authority and Rehabilitation. In: Rushing, William A. (ed), Deviant Behavior and Social Process, USA: Rand McNally, pp. 224-229.
41.
Ibid., pp. 138-39.
42.
Cavan, Ruth S. & Zemans, Eugene S. (1958) Marital Relationships of Prisoners in Twenty-Eight Countries, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 49, 138.
43.
Ibid., pp. 138-39.
44.
Zagaris, Bruce (1977) The Finnish Penal System: Recent Reforms. New England Journal on Prison Law, 3, 437-486.
45.
Jewell, Donald P. (1957) Mexico's Tres Marias Penal Colony, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science , 48, 410-411
46.
Ibid., pp. 411-12.
47.
Palacios, Javier Pina (1970) La Colonia Penal de las Islas Marias, Mexico: Botas .
48.
Price, John A. (1973) Private Enterprise in a Prison: The Free Market Economy of La Mesa Penitenciaria, Crime and Delinquency, 19, 218-227.
