How to Reduce Needless Incarceration

Glaser, Daniel: "How Many Prisoners Return?" In: The Effectiveness of Prison and Parole System (Ch. 2), USA. Bobbs-Merrill.

See also: Glaser, Daniel : "National Goals and Indicators for the Reduction of Crime and Delinquency", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 371, pp. 104 and 124-126, May 1967 .

Saginaw Probation Demonstration Project, Michigan Crime and Delinquency Council, Lansing, 1963.

Annual Report of the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (fiscal 1968. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. Table D5a, p. 280.

Also noteworthy is an earlier study of a County Criminal Court showing variations in sentencing rates from 35.5 to 57.4 per cent of convictions: See: Gaudet, J. Frederick : "Individual Differences in the Sentencing Tendencies of Judges", Archives of Psychology, No. 230, New York, 1938.

Federal Offenders in the United States District Courts, Washington, D.C., Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, p. XVI, 1968.

McClintoch Walker and Savill : "Cambridge Attendance Centre Study". In: Evaluation of Penal Measures , ed. Leslie T. Wilkins, New York, Random House, pp. 80-84, 1969. See also: Gottfredson, Don M. and Gottfredson , Gary D. : "Decision-Maker Attitudes and Juvenile Detention", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, pp. 177-184, July 1969.

Warren, O. Marguerite : "The Case for Differential Treatment of Delinquents", in The Future of Corrections, Vol. 381 of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp. 41-56, Jan. 1969.

Tagaki, Paul: "The Parole Violator: An Organizational Reject ", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol 6, No. 1, pp. 78-87, 1969.

Koontz, Harold and O'Donnel, Cyril : Principles of Management: An Analysis of Managerial Functions, New York, McGraw-Hill, 4th ed., p. 640.

Pasamanic., B. , Scarpitti, F.R. , and Dinitz, S. : Schizophrenics in the Community: An Experimental Study in the Prevention of Hospitalization, New York, Appleton Century Crofts, 1967. Note especially chapter on "Antecedent Research".

This is consistent with the professional approach advocated by the Joint Commission on Correctional Administration and Training. For an exposition of the Commission's recommendations in this area, see: Nelson, Elmer K. , Jr. and Lovell, Katherine H. : Developing Correctional Administrators (Commission's Research Report), Nov. 1969.

Wilkins, Leslie T. : Evaluation of Penal Measures, New York, Random House, 1969.

For an excellent and learned discussion of this controversial theoretical area see "Theory of the Modern Post-Adjudication Criminal Treatment System", Part One of the Preliminary Report of the (New York) Governor's Special Committee on Criminal Offenders published by the Committee, 100 Church St., New York City, 1968.