The Volunteer Probation Officers of Japan

Hess, Albert G. : "Aspects of the Use of Volunteers in Corrections in the United States ." Read at the United Nations Asia and the Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders . Fuchu (Japan), 1969.

Ministry of Justice , Japan: Rehabilitation of Offenders and Prevention of Crime in Japan, pp. 2-3 (Tokyo , 1965).

Tokoro, Kazuhiro : "A Comparative Analysis of Delinquency Control in Japan and the United States." Unpublished paper, passim, 1969.

In Japanese, the same term hogokansatsu includes suspended sentence with supervision, probation and parole. In the following the word "probation" is used as comprising all three measures.

Shiono, Yasuyoshi : "Use of Volunteers in the Non-Institutional Treatment of Offenders in Japan." Draft paper. Tokyo, 1969, p. 13. (To appear in International Review of Criminal Policy.)

Offenders Rehabilitation Law (Law No. I42 of I949; with frequent amendments), Article 20. English text in: Ministry of Justice, Japan. Laws for Correction and Rehabilitation of Offenders (Tokyo, no date) pp. 40-63; see especially p. 46. Volunteer Probation Officers Law (Law No. 204 of I950), Article I ; ibid. pp. 82-85.

Nagashima, Atsushi : "Responsibility of Voluntary Agencies to Support and to Question Governmental Correction Programs." Tokyo, 1968. Mimeo, p. 3.

Tokyo Probation-Parole Supervision Office: Profile of the Tokyo Probation-Parole Supervision Office. (Mimeo, Tokyo, I968), pp. 2-3.

Tokyo Probation-Parole Supervision Office, op. cit., p. 8, but actually the number of charges varies greatly; case loads of ten are not infrequent.

Clark, John P. , Tokoro, Kazuhiro and Darroch , Dorothy B. : "Client Perceptions and Inter-Organizational Relationships among Social Control Agencies in Japan ." Mimeo Paper presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association (Boston , 1968); see especially p. 13.

Hirano, Ryuichi : Hanzaishashoguho no shomondai, (Problems of the Law for the Treatment of Offenders, (Tokyo, Yuhikaku, 1963), pp. 43-45.

Iwai, Keisuke : "Some Problems of the Probation System", In: Japan Corrections Associations, Kyosei Ronshu (Tokyo, 1968), pp. 697-727 (in Japanese).