The Function of Prison: A Study in Administrative Penology

Manuel Lopez-Rey, in Studies in Penology, dedicated to the memory of Sir Lionel Fox, The Hague, 1964.

A lucid and concise summary of the different positions can be found in J. Andenaes, The General Part of the Criminal Law in Norway, (Mueller, ed.) London, 1965, Ch. 3: "The Purpose and Methods of Punishment."

T. and P. Morris—Pentonville : A Sociological Study of an English Prison , London, 1963.

Th. Mathiesen , The Defences of the Weak: a Sociological Study of a Norwegian Correctional Institution, London, 1965.

See E.H. Sutherland and D.R. Cressey , Principles of Criminology, Chicago—Philadelphia— New York, 1960, p. 298.

The problem of a continuous feed-back in prison management is as yet unsolved. See D. Glaser : The Effectiveness of a Prison and Parole System, 1963 , pp. 497ff, especially p. 500: "Evaluation of correctional program effectiveness can be most conclusive and persuasive if the presentation of post-release data is focused on the responsibilities which the correctional agency must meet."

See J. E. Hall Williams , The Use the Courts make of Prison. In: Sociological Studies in the British Penal Services. The Sociological Review , Monograph No. 9, Keele , 1965.

P.M. Blau and W.R. Scott , Formal Organizations, London, 1962.

This psychological mechanism is described and analyzed in: L. Festingen and E. Aronson, The Arousal and Reduction of Dissonance in Social Contexts. In: D. Cartwright and A. Zander (editors), Group Dynamics: Research and Theory. Evanston-Elmsford, 1960, pp. 214-231.

"Actually services and facilities for rehabilitative treatment can operate effectively only in a climate where control is constant." Manual of Correctional Standards, New York, 1962, p. 209, and in the same Manual, p. 231: " A positive program of disciplinary control maintains the necessary order for the rehabilitation program to function adequately and with the least possible friction, emotionalism and punishment."

Paul de Berker in his recent article in The Sociology of Change in Penal Institutions , in Hugh J. Klare : Changing Concepts of Crime and Treatment , London, 1966, states: " Within the total institution of prison, the essential task, namely preservation from chaos, permeates all other tasks which the institution may have as its declared aim." (p. 140). I am more optimistic about the possibility of separating the complex of activities .

Glaser, op. cit., p. 229.

J.C. Spencer , Problems in Transition: from Prison to Therapeutic Community. In: Sociological Studies in the British Penal Services. The Sociological Review , Monograph No. 9, Keele , 1965.