Africa: the press and democracy

World Communication Report (UNESCO, 1989) as cited in Erskine B. Childers, 'The new age of information: what kind of participation?', Development (Journal of the Society for International Development, No. 2, 1990), pp. 11-16.

W. Hachten , Muffled Drums: the news media in Africa (Ames, Iowa, 1971).

These figures are based on a survey of the African press in the New African Magazine (May and June 1988).

Benin is one African country where trained medical doctors cannot find employment.

Adewale Maja-Pearce , 'The press in West Africa', Index On Censorship (Vol. 19, no. 6, June/July 1990).

All the information on Senegal is from the author's research and interviews in Dakar, 7-9 August 1991.

Interview with author, Dakar, 8 August 1991.

Kwame Gyawu-Kyem (former editor of the state-owned Ghanaian Times of Accra), in the same paper (19 September 1991).

P.A.V. Ansah , 'Blueprint for freedom', Index On Censorship (Vol. 20, no. 9, October 1991), pp. 3-8.

Federal Republic of Nigeria, Report of the Political Bureau, Federal Government Printer, Lagos, 1987. Quoted in Adigun Agbaje, 'Freedom of the press and party politics in Nigeria: precepts, retrospect and prospects', African Affairs (Vol. 89, no. 355, April 1990), pp. 205-26.

See Thomas R. Odhiambo, 'Science as part of African culture: why it must be learned beyond the classroom', IFDA Dossier No. 65, May/June 1988. Also, Eckhard Breitinger, 'Science, technology and language education in Africa', in Klaus Gottstein and Gotzlink (eds), Cultural Development, Science and Technology in sub-Saharan Africa (Baden-Baden, 1986).

The UNESCO-sponsored community FM radio projects are economically sound and technically simple for rural communities. See Jack Mills and James Kangwana, 'Community radio in Kenya', COMBROAD (June 1983).

African Community Languages and their use in Literacy and Education (UNESCO, Dakar, March 1985).

Adama Ouane and Yvette Amon-Tanoh, 'Literacy in French-speaking Africa: a situational analysis', African Studies Review (Vol. 33, no. 3, December 1990), pp. 21-38.

Etat de la Presse en Afrique de l'ouest Francophone (Institut Panos/UJAO, Paris, 1991), translated for this article by K. Oteng Agyei, Achimota School, Accra.

'African community languages...', op. cit., p. 10.