Alfred W. Crosby , 'Reassessing 1492', American Quarterly (December 1989), p.668. See also his path-breaking book, Ecological Imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (New York, 1986).
2.
The Use and Regulation of Lawn Care Chemicals, Hearing before the subcommittee on toxic substances, environmental oversight, research and development of the committee on environment and public works, US Senate, 101st Congress, 2nd session, 28 March 1990 (Washington, DC, 1990), pp.14-15.
3.
Elliott A. Norse, 'What good are ancient forests?'The Amicus Journal (Winter 1990), pp.42-5. Californians for Alternatives to Toxics, a non-profit environmental group (PO Box 1176, Arcata, CA 95521, USA) monitors forest sprays in the Pacific Northwest.
4.
US Department of Agriculture, A Time to Choose: summary report on the structure of agriculture (Washington, DC, 1981), pp.3, 6.
5.
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics 1988 (Washington, DC, 1988), p.381; Historical Statistics of the United States: colonial times to 1970 (Washington, DC, 1975), Series K 184-91: 'Farm machinery and equipment: 1910 to 1970'.
6.
Alden Manchester, Developing an Integrated Information System for the Food Sector, Agricultural Economic Report No. 575, August 1987 (US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service), pp.24-31, figures 3, 7.
7.
'The 400 largest private companies in the US', Forbes (11 December 1989), p.220.
8.
A.V. Krebs, Heading Toward the Last Roundup: the big three's prime cut (Des Moines, Iowa, Prairie Fire Rural Action, June 1990), pp.2-3; US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics 1988, p.373.
9.
John W. Helmuth, 'Introduction', in Heading Toward the Last Roundup , op. cit., p. ix.
10.
Benjamin DeMott , 'The myth of classlessness', New York Times (10 October 1990).
11.
Georganne Chapin and Robert Wasserstrom, 'Agricultural production and malaria resurgence in Central America and India', Nature (17 September 1981), pp.181-5; David Weir and Mark Schapiro, Circle of Poison: pesticides and people in a hungry world (San Francisco , 1981 ); David Bull , A Growing Problem: pesticides and the Third World poor (Oxford, 1982); Ruth Norris (ed.), Pills, Pesticides and Profits: the international trade in toxic substances (Croton-on-Hudson, NY, 1982); John McCormick, 'Diet for a poisoned planet', Greenpeace Quarterly (July-September 1987), pp. 17-20; Michael Hansen, Escape from the Pesticide Treadmill: alternatives to pesticides in developing countries (Mount Vernon, NY , 1988).
12.
G.H. Heichel, 'Comparative efficiency of energy use in crop production' ( New Haven, CT, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, November 1973, Bulletin 739), p.14.
13.
George Hallberg, 'Agricultural chemicals and groundwater quality in Iowa' (Ames, Iowa State University Cooperative Extension Service, December 1984).
14.
Heichel, op. cit., pp. 14-19.
15.
Darrell A. Posey , 'The science of the Mebêngôkre', Orion (Summer 1990), p.21.
16.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Report of the Secretary's Commission on Pesticides und their Relationship to Environmental Health, Parts I and II (Washington, DC, December 1969), pp.319-44; Lisa Y. Lefferts, 'Assessing risks of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides' (Society for Risk Analysis, Houston, Texas, 1-4 November 1987).
17.
Marty Strange et al, It's Not All Sunshine and Fresh Air: chronic health effects of modern farming practices (Walthill , Nebraska, April 1984), pp. 1, 41, 58. Further studies document that farmers of the midwest, the corn- and soybean-producing region of the US, are dying fast from cancer because they use herbicides like 2,4-D. See the Congressional testimony of 28 March 1990 of Shelia Zahm, an epidemiologist with the National Cancer Institute, in The Use and Regulation of Lawn Care Chemicals, pp.43-5, 52, 149-56. See also Samuel S. Epstein, 'Losing the war against cancer: who's to blame and what to do about it' (Washington, DC, Fifth National Pesticide Forum, National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides, 20-23 March 1987). Epstein's speech was published in The Ecologist (March/June 1987), pp.91-101.
18.
S.E. McGregor , 'The bee poisoning problem in Arizona and its national significance', American Bee Journal (April 1978), p.236.
19.
Newsletter, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois (Summer 1987); 'Experience to date leaves no doubt that given adequate exposure, most species are capable of developing resistance to pesticides ... resistance is the main obstacle to successful pest control today ... resistance to pesticides is now a nearly universal phenomenon; it can be found not only in insects but also in rodents, fungi, weeds, bacteria and many other organisms.' George P. Georghiou, 'Resistance of insects and mites to insecticides and acaricides and the future of pesticide chemicals', in J.E. Swift (ed.,) Agricultural Chemicals: harmony or discord for food, people, environment (University of California, 1971), pp. 112-13; National Research Council, Pesticide Resistance: strategies and tactics for management (Washington, DC, 1986).
20.
Andrew Revkin , The Burning Season (Boston, Mass, 1990), p.16.
21.
Stephan Schwartzman , 'Extractive reserves: distribution of wealth and the social costs of frontier development in the Amazon' (National Wildlife Federation/World Wildlife Fund/Conservation Foundation Symposium: Extractive economies in tropical forests, 30 November and 1 December 1989), p.16.
22.
Annex 2 in Stephan Schwartzman and Mary H. Allegretti, 'Extractive production in the Amazon and the rubber-tappers' movement' (Washington, DC, 28 May 1987).
23.
Annex 3, ibid.
24.
Annex 1, ibid.
25.
Robert Goodland (ed), Race to Save the Tropics: ecology and economics for a sustainable future (Covelo, Calif, 1990), pp.3-32, 171-89.
26.
Agnes Kiss , 'Insect ecology and agricultural pest management: theory and practice', in Race to Save the Tropics, op. cit., p.85.
27.
Michael K. Hansen , 'The first three years: implementation of the World Bank pesticide guidelines 1985-1988' (Report of the Consumer Policy Institute, Mount Vernon, New York, 1990).
28.
Susanna Hecht and Alexander Cockburn , The Fate of the Forest: developers, destroyers and defenders of the Amazon (New York, 1989), p.197.
29.
Davison L. Budhoo, Enough is Enough (New York, 1990), p.113.
30.
Quoted in Amnesty International, Brazil: killing with impunity (New York, September 1988), p.2.
31.
Ibid, p.1. See also Amnesty International 1990 Report, pp.47-50.
32.
Robert S. Desowitz, New, Guinea Tapeworms and Jewish Grandmothers: tales of parasites and people (New York, 1981), p.27.
