Race,empire and the historians

Quoted in David Kimble , A Political History of Ghana (Oxford, 1963), p. 277.

Lugard Frederick , The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (Edinburgh , 1923), pp. 79-81.

Crook RichardC. , 'Legitimacy, authority and the transfer of power', Political Studies (No. 25, 1987), p. 555.

Secretary of State's circular, 5 May 1937 (reference from the Gambia National Archives, GA4/407).

'The government of subject races', Edinburgh Review (No. 123, 1908), pp. 1-27; for Cromer's authorship of this contribution, see Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid, Egypt and Cromer ( London, 1968), p. 218.

R.L. Buell , The Native Problem in Africa (New York, 1928), Vol. II, p. 83.

Martin Claude , Histoire de l'Algérie française (Paris, 1963), p. 217.

Buell , op. cit. , p. 467.

Hyam Ronald , Empire and Sexuality: the British experience ( Manchester , 1990), p. 215.

For which see, respectively, J.D. Hargreaves , France and West Africa (London, 1969), pp. 206-9;

Mack Smith Denis , Mussolini's Roman Empire (London, 1977 ), p. 117.

Curtin PhilipD. , Imperialism (London, 1971), p. 1.

A.H.M. Kirk-Greene , 'The thin white line', African Affairs (Vol. 79, no. 314, 1980), p. 12.

Lugard , op. cit., p. 589.

Governor, Nigeria , Savingram to secretary of state, 23 March 1946 (reference from the Gambia National Archives, GA4/486).

The Earl of Cromer , Modern Egypt (London, 1908), Vol. II, p. 227.

Burns Alan , Colour Prejudice (London, 1948 ), p. 45.

The Christian Mission in the Light of Race Conflict (London, 1928), pp. 237, 240.

See Poliakov Léon , The Aryan Myth: a history of racist and nationalist ideas in Europe (London, 1974), pp. 212, 255;

also Bernal Martin , Black Athena (London, 1987), pp. 387-8.

J.A. Hobson , Imperialism (London, 1902), Part II, ch. 4;

J.M. Winter , 'The Webbs and the non-white world', Journal of Contemporary History (9, 1974 );

Woolf Leonard , Empire and Commonwealth in Africa (London, 1920), pp. 352, 354.

Sarathi Gupta Partha , Imperialism and the British Labour Movement , 1914-1964 (London, 1975), pp. 196-200.

G.W.F. Hegel , Lectures on the Philosophy of History (New York, 1956), p. 91.

Schweitzer Albert , On the Edge of the Primaeval Forest (London, 1922), p. 130.

Thwaite Daniel , The Seething African Pot: a study of black nationalism, 1882-1935 (London , 1936).

Flint John , 'Scandal at the Bristol Hotel', Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History (12, 1983), p. 76.

Quoted on the title page of J.G. Goddard , Racial Supremacy: being studies in imperialism ( Edinburgh , 1905).

W.H. Hancock , Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs (London, 1942), Vol. II, Part ii, p. 3.

Lugard , op. cit. , p. 86.

Parliamentary Papers, 1929-30, Vol. viii, p. 19.

Cosmo Parkinson , The Colonial Office from Within ( London, 1947), p. 105.

Laski HaroldJ. , 'The colonial civil service', Political Quarterly (Vol. 9, 1938), pp. 541-51.

Lord Hailey , An African Survey (London, 1938 ).

W.H. Hancock , Argument of Empire (Harmondsworth, 1943 ), p. 53.

Perham Margery , The Colonial Reckoning (London, 1961 ), pp. 38-9.

A.N. Porter and A.J. Stockwell , British Imperial Policy and Decolonisation, 1938-64, Vol. I (London, 1987), Vol. II (London , 1989), p. 209, minute by M.G. Smith.

Poliakov , op. cit., p. 5.

See the references above to Crook, Curtin , Kirk-Greene and Flint ; also Darby Philip , Three Faces of Imperialism (New Haven, 1987).

A. Adu Boahen (ed.), UNESCO General History of Africa (London, 1985).

Roland Oliver and G.N. Sanderson (eds), The Cambridge History of Africa (Cambridge, 1985).

David Birmingham and Phyllis Martin (eds), History of Central Africa (London, 1983), Vol. II, pp. 8-15;

Jewsiewicki Bogumil does, however, describe racial rule in the Belgian Congo, Vol. II, p. 117.

D.A. Low , Lion Rampant: essays in the study of British imperialism ( London, 1973). 41 Journal of African History (Vol. 20, 1979).

Crook , op. cit. , pp. 563, 568-9.

C.E. Carrington , The Liquidation of the British Empire (London, 1966), p. 66.

Flint John , 'Planned decolonisation and its failure in British Africa', African Affairs (Vol. 82, no. 328, 1983), p. 411.

Gardner Brian , The African Dream (London , 1970), p. 305.

Gupta , op. cit., pp. 275-7, 337-9, 391.

Rudolf von Albertini , European Colonial Rule 1880-1940 ( Oxford, 1982), p. 488;

Darwin John , Britain and Decolonisation (London, 1988), pp. 10-11;

J.D. Hargreaves , Decolonisation in Africa (London, 1988), pp. 7, 10-12, 55, 127-8;

R.D. Pearce , The Turning Point (London, 1982), pp. 2-3;

Symons Ronald , The British and their Successors (London, 1966), p. 125;

for Rich Paul , Race and Empire in British Politics (London, 1986), see my review in Journal of African History (Vol. 28, 1987), pp. 455-6.

Adamson David , The Last Empire: Britain and the Commonwealth (London, 1990);

Ansprenger Franz , The Dissolution of the Colonial Empires (London , 1989);

Beloff Max , Dream of the Commonwealth, 1921-42 (London, 1989);

Fenner Brockway , The Colonial Revolution (London, 1973 );

Burke Mary , 'From empire to commonwealth', in Kenneth Bradley (ed.), The Living Commonwealth (London, 1961);

Gwendolen Carter and Patrick O'Meara (eds), African Independence: the first twenty-five years (Bloomington, 1985);

M.E. Chamberlain , Decolonisation (Oxford, 1985 );

Andrew Cohen , British Policy in Changing Africa (London, 1959);

Cross Colin , The Fall of the British Empire (London, 1968);

Darwin John , The End of the British Empire (Oxford, 1991);

Easton Stewart C. , The Twilight of European Colonialism (London , 1961);

D.K. Fieldhouse , The Colonial Empire (London, 1965),

Black Africa, 1945-1980 (London, 1986 );

John Gallagher , The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire ( Cambridge , 1982);

P. Gifford and W.R. Louis (eds), The Transfer of Power in Africa (New Haven, 1982),

Decolonisation and African Independence (New Haven, 1988);

Melvin Goldberg , 'Decolonisation and political socialisation', Journal of Modern African Studies (Vol. 24, 1986);

David Goldsworthy , Colonial Issues in British Politics (Oxford, 1971);

Henri Grimal , Decolonisation (London, 1978 );

John D. Hargreaves , The End of Colonial Rule in West Africa (London, 1979);

Holland R.F. , European Decolonisation, 1918-81 (London, 1985);

R.F. Holland and G. Rizvi (eds), Perspectives on Imperialism and Decolonisation (London, 1984);

Charles Jeffries , The Transfer of Power (London, 1960 );

Journal of Contemporary History, Special Issue, 'Colonialism and decolonisation' (4, 1969);

Dennis Judd and Peter Slim , The Evolution of the Modern Commonwealth 1902-1980 ( London , 1982);

Miles Kahler , Decolonisation in Britain and France (Princeton , 1984);

Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (London , 1988);

A.H.M. Kirk-Greene (ed.), The Transfer of Power (Oxford, 1979);

W.P. Kirkman , Unscrambling an Empire (London, 1966 );

Brian Lapping , The End of Empire (London, 1985);

J.M. Lee , Colonial Government and Good Government

(Oxford, 1967); J.M. Lee and M. Petter , The Colonial Office, War and Development Policy ( London , 1982);

W. David McIntyre , Colonies into Commonwealth (London, 1974),

The Commonwealth of Nations: origins and impact 1869-1971 ( Oxford, 1977);

J.D.B. Miller , Survey of Commonwealth Affairs: problems of expansion and attrition, 1953-1969 (Oxford, 1974);

D.J. Morgan , The Official History of Colonial Development, 5 vols ( London, 1980);

James Morris , Farewell the Trumpets: an imperial retreat (London , 1978);

W.H. Morris-Jones and H. Fischer (eds), Decolonisation and After ( London, 1980);

Anne Phillips , The Enigma of Colonialism (London, 1989 );

Kenneth Robinson , The Dilemmas of Trusteeship (London, 1965);

David Sanders , Losing an Empire, Finding a Role (Basingstoke , 1990);

Tony Smith (ed.), The End of the European Empire ( London, 1975);

John Strachey , The End of Empire (London, 1959 );

Kathryn Tidrick , Empire and the English Character (London, 1990);

Robin Winks , 'On decolonisation and informal empire', American Historical Review (No. 81, 1976);

George Woodcock , Who Killed the British Empire? (London, 1974);

Crawford Young , 'Decolonisation in Africa', in L.H. Gann and Peter Duignan (eds), Colonialism in Africa Vol. II (Cambridge, 1970).

Michael Crowder (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa , Vol. 8(Cambridge , 1984), p. 25.

Ansprenger , op. cit. , p. 159.