See C.J. Robinson , 'The African diaspora and the Italo-Ethiopian crisis', Race & Class (Vol. XXVII, no. 2, Autumn 1985); Gayle Brenda Plummer, 'The Afro American response to the occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934', Phylon (No. 43, June 1982); and Fitz Baptiste, 'The United States and West Indian unrest, 1918-1939', (Working Paper No. 18, Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, Jamaica, 1978).
2.
Quoted in C.J. Robinson , Black Marxism (London, 1983), p.254.
3.
Ibid., p.260.
4.
Shlomo Avineri, Hegel's Theory of the Modern State (Cambndge, 1972), p.177.
5.
Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York, original 1936), p.122.
6.
Raymond Leslie Buell, Liberia: a century of survival (Philadelphia, 1947), p.23; and Lenwood Davis, 'Black American images of Liberia', Liberian Studies Journal (Vol. VI, no. I, 1975) p.55.
7.
Elliot J. Berg , 'Politics, privilege and progress in Liberia: a review article', Liberian Studies Journal (Vol. II, no. 2, 1970) p.178.
8.
Davis, op. cit, p.56.
9.
Ibid., p.66.
10.
Ibid., pp.66-7; and Edwin S. Redkey, Black Exodus (New Haven, 1969), p.283.
11.
Imanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement ( London, 1974), p.124.
12.
T McCantsStewart, Liberia: the Americo-African Republic (New York , 1886), p.77. For an example of what Stewart was objecting to, see Gary Kuhn, 'Liberian contract labor in Panama, 1887-1897', Liberian Studies Journal (Vol. VI, no. 1, 1975) pp.43-52.
13.
Davis, op. cit, p.65.
14.
Geiss, op. cit, p. 126.
15.
Ibid., p.127.
16.
W.E.B. DuBois , 'Liberia, the League and the United States', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 11, no. 4, July 1933), p.695.
17.
DuBois, 'Africa', The Crisis (Vol. XXVII, no. 6, April 1924), pp.2.17-51, as republished in Julius Lester, The Seventh Son: the thought and writings of W. E. B. DuBois, v.II (New York, 1971), p.345.
18.
19.
Frank Chalk , 'DuBois and Garvey confront Liberia', Canadian Journal of African Studies (Vol. I, no. 2, November 1967) p.138.
20.
DuBois, ' Liberia, the League and the United States', op. cit., p.682.
21.
DuBois to Hughes, 5 January 1923, in Herbert Aptheker, The Correspondence of W. E. B. DuBois, v.I (Amherst, 1973), p.261.
22.
Ibid., p.260.
23.
Chalk, op. cit, p.137.
24.
Akpan, ' Liberia and the Universal Negro Improvement Association: the background to the abortion of Garvey's scheme for African colonization', Journal of African History (Vol. XIV, no. 1, 1973), pp.122-3.
25.
Aptheker, The Correspondence of W. E. B. DuBois, v.I, op. cit., p.465.
26.
DuBois, 'Liberia, the League and the United States', op. cit., p.684, my emphasis.
27.
Lester, op. cit, p.184.
28.
DuBois to Hughes, 5 January 1923, in Aptheker, The Correspondence of W. E. B. DuBois, v.I. op. cit., p.260.
29.
Ernest Gruening , 'The issue in Haiti',. Foreign Affairs (Vol. 11, no. 2, January 1933).
30.
Frank Chalk, 'The anatomy of an investment: Firestone's 1927 loan to Liberia', Canadian Journal of African Studies (Vol. I, no. 1, March 1967) pp.12-32.
31.
DuBois to Firestone, 26 October 1925, in Aptheker, The Correspondence of W. E. B. DuBois, v.I, op. cit., pp.322-23.
32.
This is an attitude towards 'bourgeois society' which is reminiscent of the naivete of Marx and Engels found in The Communist Manifesto. For the ideology of the 'middle classes' of the nineteenth century, see E.J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: 1789-1848 (New York, 1962 ), p.85.
33.
Rauch, op. cit, p.106.
34.
DuBois, 'Liberia, the League and the United States', op. cit., p.684. See the treatment of DuBois in Robinson, Black Marxism, op. cit., pp.266ff.
35.
Liberia's revenues had been under the control of European and American officials since receiving international loans in 1906 and 1912. Cf. Chalk, 'The anatomy of an investment', op. cit., p.12.
36.
I.K. Sundiata , Black Scandal (Philadelphia , 1980), p.1.
37.
Ibid., p.108.
38.
Aptheker, The Correspondence of W. E. B. DuBois, v.II, op. cit., pp.26-9.
39.
DuBois, ' Liberia, the League and the United States', op. cit., pp.686-7, 690.
40.
J.R. Hooker , 'The Negro American press and Africa in the nineteen thirties', Canadian Journal of African Studies (Vol. I, no. 1, March 1967) pp.46, 110.
41.
See George Padmore, The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers (Hollywood, 1971 reprint), pp.68ff. Geiss observes, however: 'In his last and most influential book [PanAfricanism or Communism?] Padmore devoted two chapters to the history of Liberia which were completely uncritical and almost amounted to eyewash.' Geiss, op. cit., p. 127.
42.
DuBois was originally nominated for the honour in 1908, but so too was Booker T. Washington. DuBois believed the nomination was withdrawn upon the advice of Washington. Cf. Aptheker, The Correspondence of W.E.B. DuBois, v.II, op. cit., pp.287-90.
