1 Allan Nairn, 'Terror with a human face', Village Voice (5 November 1985). Other estimates run between 30,000 and 100,000. See also Marjorie Miller, 'Indians' culture torn by Guatemalan political strife', Los Angeles Times (29 November 1985).
2.
2 Frank del Olmo, 'In Guatemala, Fusiles y Frijoles', Los Angeles Times (11 February, 1983).
3.
3 Opinion piece by Wayne Smith, former head of the US interest section in Cuba, New York Times (12 October 1982).
4.
4 Christopher Dickey, 'Guatemala uses US "civilian" copters in warfare', Washington Post (23 January 1982).
5.
5 'International arms transfers to Central America since 1969', Update (Central American Historical Institute, Georgetown University) (9 July 1984) in M. Jamail and M. Gutierrez, It's no secret: Israel's military involvement in Central America (Belmont, Mass., 1986), p. 51.
6.
6 Yoav Karni, 'The Israel-Guatemala connection', Ha'aretz, (7 February 1986).
7.
7 'Israel may become regional arms supplier', (5 December 1977), and 'Israel pushes aircraft at Interfer', (31 October 1977), Central America Report; Bernard Debusmann, 'After embassy flap, a look at Israel's Latin arms role', Philadelphia Inquirer (24 April 1984). According to President Laugerud, five patrol boats had been ordered (Central America Report (12 December 1977).)
8.
8 Guatemala City Radio Television 11 June 1984.
9.
9 Victor Perera, 'Uzi diplomacy how Israel makes friends and enemies around the world', Mother Jones (July 1985).
10.
10 Ma'ariv (30 April 1974).
11.
11 'Israel may become regional arms supplier' and 'Israel pushes aircraft at Interfer', op. cit.; Debusmann, 'After embassy flap... ', op. cit.
12.
12 Karni, op. cit.
13.
13 Cynthia Arnson and Flora Montealegre, IPS Resource Update, Washington (June 1982).
14.
14 Robert Graham, 'Barter revisited: Latin America takes a fresh look at countertrade', Financial Times in Houston Chronicle (11 February 1985).
15.
15 Aaron Klieman, Israel's global reach: arms sales as diplomacy (Washington, 1985), p. 135-135.
16.
16 'Arms seizure irritates Belize dispute', Central America Report (4 July 1977).
17.
17 Graham, op. cit.
18.
18 Enfoprensa (8 March 1985).
19.
19 'Adquirio Guatemala Aviones Militares', PL, SIAG, Enfoprensa, in Excelsior (6 December 1983).
20.
20 Dan Rather, CBS Evening News (16 February 1983).
21.
21 George Black with Milton Jamail and Norma Stoltz Chinchilla, Garrison Guatemala (New York, 1984), p. 156-156.
22.
22 CBS Evening News (Bob Simon reporting from Guatemala) (16 February 1983).
23.
23 'Israeli arms for sale', Time (28 March 1983).
24.
24 Greve, 'Israel able to expand role as Latin military supplier'.
25.
25 Allan Nairn, 'The Guatemala connection', The Progressive (May 1986).
26.
26 'Israel desarrolla una industra de guerra en Guatemala, denuncia el EGP', El Dia (II October 1983).
27.
27 Enfoprensa (6 January 1984).
28.
28 Latin America Regional Reports Mexico & Central AmericaY (17 August 1984).
29.
29 Karni, 'The Israel-Guatemala connection', op. cit.
30.
30 Israel's part in Central America', (II)Central America Report (14 December 1984).
31.
31 'Industria Militar de Israel en Guatemala', AFP, AP, UPI, ANSA, Enfoprensa and SIAG, Excelsior (11 October 1983).
32.
32 E. Cody, 'El Salvador, Israel set closer ties', Washington Post (17 August 1983).
33.
33 Karni, 'The Israel-Guatemala connection', op. cit.
34.
34 US Congress, House, Committee on International Relations, Sub-committee on International Organisations, Human Rights in Nicaragua, Guatemala and El Salvador: Implications for US Policy, Hearings, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1976.
35.
35 Shirley Christian, 'Congress is asked for $54 million to aid Latin antiterrorist efforts', New York Times (6 November 1985).
36.
36 Hentoff, 'Should a Jewish state arm a Christian slaughterer?', Village Voice (21 June 1983).
37.
37 Israeli Foreign Affairs (November 1985 and April 1986).
38.
38 David Gardner, 'How Israelis act as surrogates for US in Central America', Financial Times (27 November 1986).
39.
39 James LeMoyne, 'Guatemala crushes rebels its own way: ruthlessly', New York Times (13 January 1985).
40.
40 Yediot Aharonot (7 February 1979).
41.
41 Ma'ariv (Tel Aviv), cited by Ignacio Klich, 'Caribbean boomerang returns to sender', Guardian (London) (27 August 1982).
42.
42 Davar (Tel Aviv) (14 February 1984).
43.
43 Panama City ACAN, 2146 GMT, (23 March 1982), in FBIS Latin America (26 March 1982) and NACLA interviews in Guatemala City (June 1982), in Black et al, Garrison Guatemala, p. 123. Alvarez, as was Rios, was safe in Miami.
44.
44 G. Black, 'Israeli connection not just guns for Guatemala', NACLA Report on the Americas (May-June 1983).
45.
45 Allan Nairn and Jean-Marie Simon, 'Bureaucracy of death', New Republic (30 June 1986); DPA, 2324 GMT (5 February 1986) in FBIS Latin America (6 February 1986).
46.
46 John Rettie, 'Israeli arms help Guatemala's fight against guerrillas', Manchester Guardian (10 January 1982).
47.
47 'Moderna escuela de transmissiones y electronica del ejercity inaugurada', Diario de Centro America (Guatemala City) (5 November 1981).
48.
48 Rettie, op. cit.
49.
49 Black, op. cit.
50.
50 Karni, op. cit. This installation is thought to have been destroyed in 1984 by insurgents David Ferreira, 'Guatemala: unholy allies', AfricAsia (November 1984).
51.
51 Nairn and Simon, 'Bureaucracy of death', op. cit.
52.
52 Luisa Frank and Philip Wheaton, Indian Guatemala: the path to liberation, (Washington, 1984), gives the earliest date among a number of sources (including 'Keeping track: Israeli computers in Guatemala and El Salavador', Israeli Foreign Affairs (March 1985)) and Yosef Pri'el, Davar(13 August 1982) the latest (Autumn 1981) in C. Rubenberg 'Israeli foreign policy in Central America, Third World Quarterly, July 1986.
53.
53 Fr Ronald Burke, a Catholic priest who had worked since 1969 in the highland department of Chimaltenango, noted that 'the computerised hit lists at that time were all coordinated at the annex at the Presidential Palace. And when I checked it out with the IUS] Embassy people they let me know indirectly that I was on that particular national hit list, and I was advised to get out of the country, quickly.' Interview with Fr Burke by Lenard Millich, January 1985.
54.
54 'Pozos de tortura y trabajo forzado el las aldeas modelo de Guatemala', SIAG and Enfoprensa, El Dia (22 May 1983).
55.
55 'Crearan in Guatemala una tarjeta unica de identificacion personal', El Dia (22 August 1986).
56.
56 AFP, 0236 GMT (17 September 1983) in FBIS Latin America, (19 September 1983), p. P-17.
57.
57 Cited in Inforpress Centroamericana (30 August 1984).
58.
58 Victor Perera, 'Uzi Diplomacy', Mother Jones (July 1985).
59.
59 'Asesores Israelis se encuentran en Guatemala', AIP, Enfoprensa and Salpress in El Dia (23 June 1983).
60.
60 Nancy Peckenham, 'Bullets and beans', Multinational Monitor (April 1984).
61.
61 Marlise Simons, 'Guatemalans are adding a few twists to "pacification"', New York Times (12 September 1982).
62.
62 'Habra en Toda Guatemala Aldeas Modelo: Mejia V', Excelsior (2 January 1984).
63.
63 Black et al, Garrison Guatemala, op. cit. p. 155.
64.
64 Alan Riding, 'Government-backed cooperatives in Guatemala aid Indians', (13 September 1975), and 'Guatemala opening new lands but the best goes to rich', (5 April 1979), New York Times; Stanley Meisler, 'Guatemalan co-ops attract "Red" Label', Los Angeles Times (1 February 1976).
65.
65 Black, 'Israeli connection', op. cit.
66.
66 Ibid.
67.
67 Peckenham, 'Bullets and beans', op. cit.
68.
68 Ibid.
69.
69 Victor Perera, 'The lost tribes of Guatemala', The Monthly (Berkley, CA) (November 1985).
70.
70 Peckenham, 'Bullets and beans', op. cit.
71.
71 'Transforming the Indian highlands', Latin America Regional Reports Mexico & Central America (6 May 1983).
72.
72 Perera, 'The lost tribes of Guatemala', op. cit.
73.
73 Mary Jo McConahay, 'Guatemalan town gets a road' Pacific News Service, Oakland Tribune, (21 July 1985).
74.
74 'Transforming the Indian highlands', op. cit. See also Douglas Foster, 'Guatemala: on the green path', Mother Jones (November-December 1985).
75.
75 Peckenham, 'Bullets and beans' op. cit., Christian Rudel, 'Pacification violente au Guatemala' Le Monde Diplomatique (August 1985).
76.
76 Peckenham, 'Bullets and beans', op. cit.
77.
77 Rudel, 'Pacification violente au Guatemala', op. cit.
78.
78 Guatemala. a nation of prisoners, Americas Watch (New York, January 1984), p. 82-82.
79.
79 Marjorie Miller, 'Indians' culture torn by Guatemalan political strife', Los Angeles Times (29 November 1985).
80.
80 Rudel, 'Pacification violente au Guatemala', op. cit.
81.
81 Nancy Peckenham, 'Campos de reducacion para los indigenas', unomasuno (12 February 1984).
82.
82 Simons, 'Guatemalans are adding a few twists to "Pacification"', op. cit.
83.
83 In 1983 the National Workers Central (CNT) charged that under Rios Montt torture chambers were built in some of the model villages and that peasants who refused to participate in the patrols were punished in these. ('Pozos de tortura y trabajo forzado... ').
84.
84 Perera, 'The lost tribes of Guatemala', op. cit.
85.
85 Guatemala City Cadena de Emisoras Unidas, 0050 GMT (June 9, 1984 in FBIS Latin America, June 12, 1984, p. P-13.
86.
86 del Olmo, 'In Guatemala, Fusiles y Frijoles', op. cit.
87.
87 'Civil defence is a fact of life in Guatemala', New York Times (4 March 1984).
88.
88 US Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Sustaining a consistent policy in Central America: one year after the National Bipartisan Commission Report, Special Report No. 142 (Washington DC, April 1985), p. 12-12, in Jamail and Gutierrez, It's no secret, p. 58.
89.
89 'Guatemala asks arms' release', Washington Post (27 December 1983); Latin A merica Regional Report, Mexico & Central America (13 January 1984) says that US officials said the rifles were Remingtons, while Israeli sources said they were Mausers; Bishara Bahbah, Israel and Latin America (New York, 1986), (p. 161) says Israel has sold Guatemala 'German-made bolt-action Mauser rifles from 1948 purchases from Czechoslovakia'.
90.
90 'Guatemala claims rifles seized by US customs', Washington Post (25 December 1983).
91.
91 Guatemala City Cadena de Emisoras Unidas, 1230 GMT (24 December 1983) in FBIS Latin America (27 December 1983), p. P-13. The antiquated weapons are in keeping with the reluctance of Guatemalan authorities to arm the population in marked contrast to the Nicaraguan government's practice of distributing rifles.
92.
92 'Pozos de tortura y trabajo forzado... '
93.
93 Loren Jenkins, 'Guatemala turns to "model villages" in its battle against guerrilla rebels', Washington Post in Philadelphia Inquirer (13 January 1985).
94.
94 Rudel, 'Pacification violente au Guatemala', op. cit.
95.
95 Jamail and Gutierrez, It's no secret, op. cit., p. 57.
96.
96 Guatemala: a nation of prisoners, op. cit., pp. 85-6.
97.
97 Rubenberg, 'Israeli Foreign Policy in Central America'.
98.
98 Ma'ariv, in Shahak, Israel's global role, p. 48.
99.
99 Christopher Dickey, 'Religious rivalries complicate conflict among Guatemalans', Kihshington Post (6 January 1983).
100.
100 Ibid.
101.
101 'Este acto injustificable hiere a la iglesia Catolica, dice el nuncio apostolico', Excelsior (13 November 1983). See also El Dia (12 November 1983).
102.
102 Shelton H. Davis, 'Guatemala: the evangelical holy war in El Quiche', The Global Reporter (March 1983).
103.
103 Tom Pratt, 'Falwell: Israel needs US support', Tyler Courier-Times-Telegraph, (Texas) (6 February 1983), in Alan Dehmer, Unholy Alliance (Washington, DC, April 1984).
104.
104 CBN, 700 Club (9 June 1982), Unholy alliance.
105.
105 Ibid.
106.
106 Jenkins, op. cit.
107.
107 Letter to New York Times (24 January 1984).
108.
108 Letter to the editor from Ramiro Gereda Asturias, Jerusalem Post (24 July 1986).
109.
109 Dial Torgerson, 'Tactics shifting to all-out war in Guatemala', Los Angeles Times (25 January 1982).
110.
110 ITIM (Tel Aviv) 1818 GMT (15 June 1982) in FBIS Middle East and Africa (16 June 1982), p. 1-21.
113 Perera, 'The lost tribes of Guatemala', op. cit.
114.
114 Gardner, op. cit.
115.
115 Juan Tamayo, 'Want to buy a fully trained SWAT team?' Miami Herald (4 September 1986); Simon Louisson, 'How to build a bodyguard empire', Jerusalem Post (23 January 1987).
116.
116 'Foreign policy put to the test', Guatemala! (Publication of Guatemala News and Information Bureau, PO Box 28594, Oakland CA, 94604) (September-October 1986).
117.
117 Ignacio Klich, 'Caribbean boomerang returns to sender' (London)Guardian (27 August 1982).
118.
118 Gil Kesary, 'Pesakh Ben-Or: business in darkness', Ma'ariv (13 December 1985), translated by Dr Israel Shahak, Collection: More about Israeli weapons trade, and the way it influences Israeli politics.
119.
119 Perera, 'The lost tribes of Guatemala', op. cit.; Teodoro Ducah, 'America Latina, mercado Fundamental Para las Armas Israelis', Excelsior (8 May 1986).
120.
120 Enfoprensa (19 April 1985).
121.
121 El Graphico (Guatemala City) (7 May 1986) in FBIS Latin America, (12 May 1986), p. P-9.
122.
122 Tamayo, 'Israel won't assist contras, Shamir says after Latin tour', Miami Herald (10 May 1986).
123.
123 'Demandan los trabajadores municipales de Guatemala, la renuncia del alcalde, Cerigua and IPS, ElDia (6 April 1986); CentralAmerica Report (21 February 1986) and report the same day from SIAG.
124.
124 Nairn and Simon, 'Bureaucracy of death', op. cit.
125.
125 Alexander Cockburn, 'sharing responsibility for Guatemalan horrors', Wall Street Journal (24 February 1983).
