Y.V. Gankovsky , Peoples of Pakistan (Lahore, n.d.), p. 122.
2.
Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556-1707( New York , 1963), p. 123.
3.
Ibid., p.111.
4.
Ibid., p. 63.
5.
Henry Pottinger, Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde (London, 1816), p. 325.
6.
B.S. Nijjar, Punjab Under the Later Mughals 1707-1759 (Jullundur , 1972), pp. 218-34.
7.
See R. Mukherjee, The Rise and Fall of the East India Company (New York, 1974), pp. 236-7,
8.
and Gankovsky, op. cit., pp. 113-14.
9.
Pottinger, op. cit., p. 295.
10.
Gankovsky, op. cit., p. 141.
11.
Pottinger, op. cit., p. 245.
12.
For the various changes in the Mughal economic and social system in the eighteenth century, which produced the agrarian crisis, see I. Habib, op. cit., as well as his 'Potentialities of capitalist development in the economy of Mughal India', Journal of Economic History (Vol. XXIX, no. 1, March 1969).
13.
See also, Mukherjee, op. cit.,
14.
and W.H. Moreland and A.C. Chaterjee, A Short History of India (London, 1953 ).
15.
See E. Stokes, The Peasant and the Raj (Cambridge, 1978) pp. 126-204 and
16.
T. Metcalf, The Aftermath of the Revolt 1857-1870 (Princeton , 1964), pp. 46-91.
17.
J. Gallagher and R. Robinson, Africa and the Victorians: the official mind of imperialism ( New York, 1967), p. 10.
18.
T. Metcalf, op. cit., pp. 134-173.
19.
M. Barratt-Brown, After Imperialism (London, 1963 ), pp. 63-4.
20.
Ibid., p. 50.
21.
Gallagher and Robinson, op. cit.
22.
B.R. Tomlinson , 'India and the British Empire 1880-1935', The Indian Economic and Social History Review , Vol. 12, no.4.
23.
B.R. Ambedkar , Pakistan or Partition of India ( Bombay, 1945), p. 27.
24.
See also, S.P. Cohen, Arms and Politics in Bangla Desh, India and Pakistan ( Buffalo, Council on International Studies, Special Studies no. 49), p. 24.
25.
See Sir L.H. Griffin, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab , 2 Vols (Lahore, 1940) and B.H. Baden-Powell, Land Systems of British India ( Oxford, 1972) Vol. II, p. 617.
26.
A. Maddison , Class Structure and Economic Growth, India and Pakistan since the Mughals (New York, 1971), p. 50.
27.
Moreland and Chaterjee, op. cit.,
28.
and Cohen, op. cit., p. 8.
29.
W. Reinhardt , The Legislative Council of the Punjab, 1897-1912 (Durham, NC, 1972), p. 1.
30.
See Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship (Boston, 1966 ), p. 368;
31.
A. Maddison, op. cit., p. 49,
32.
and D.R. Gadgil, Industrial evolution of India in recent times ( London , 1950), p. 154.
33.
Moore, op. cit., p. 367.
34.
On average, the increment rate among Muslims was 25-30 per cent higher than among non-Muslims See K. Davis, The Population of India and Pakistan (Princeton, 1961).
35.
D.H. Buchanan , The Development of Capitalist Enterprise in India (New York, 1934), pp. 147-8.
36.
R. Williams , The State of Pakistan ( London, 1962), p. 16.
37.
See B. Misra , The Indian Middle Classes ( Bombay, 1961),
38.
A.K. Bagchi, Private Investment in India 1900-39 (Cambridge , 1972),
39.
Y.V. Gankovsky and G. Polonskaya, A History of Pakistan (Lahore, n.d.).
40.
R. Nations , 'The Economic Structure of Pakistan: class and colony', New Left Review (No. 68, July-August 1971).
41.
C.N. Vakil, Economic Consequences of Divided India (Bombay , 1950).
42.
Quoted in Maddison, op. cit., p. 41.
43.
F. Robinson , 'Nation Formation: the brass thesis and Muslim separatism', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, (Vol. XV, no. 3, November 1977), pp. 222-3.
44.
F. Robinson , Separatism among Indian Muslims: the politics of the United Provinces Muslims, 1860-1923 (Cambridge , 1974), p. 177.
45.
P. Hardy, The Muslims of British India (Cambridge, 1972), p. 205.
46.
F. Robinson , Separatism among Indian Muslims , op. cit., p. 181.
47.
Quoted in ibid., p. 184.
48.
For the dominance of the Muslim League by the middle-class Muslims of the United Provinces, see K.B. Sayeed, Pakistan, the Formative Phase, 1857-1947 (London, 1968), p. 206.
49.
See, for example, B.N. Pandey, The Break-up of British India (London, 1969), p. 155.
50.
W.C. Smith, Modern Islam in India: a social analysis (London , 1946), pp. 277-9.
51.
R. Nations, op. cit., p. 5.
52.
See, for example, Hamza Alavi, 'Elite Farmer Strategy' in Alavi et al, Rural Development in Bangla Desh and Pakistan (Hawaii, 1976).
53.
See Eqbal Ahmad , 'Pakistan: signposts to a police state', Journal of Contemporary Asia (Vol. IV, no. 4, 1974).
