See John Campbell , 'The Middle East the burdens of empire', Foreign Affairs (vol. 57, no. 3, 1979), 613-32, for a rare admission by the former director of studies at the New York Council on Foreign Relations, of the existence and importance of the American empire
2.
See Vincent Monteil, 'Introduction', in Louis Massignon, Parole donnée (Paris, 1962), pp. 7-47.
3.
Jacques Berque, Dépossession du monde (Paris, 1964)
4.
Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the prison notebooks, edited and translated by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York1971),
5.
and Perry Anderson, Considerations on western marxism (London, 1976), pp. 30-32 and 45.
6.
As indicators see Roger Owen, 'Studying Islamic history', Journal of Interdisciplinary History (IV, 2, Autumn, 1973), 287-90,
7.
Edmund Burke, III, 'Towards a history of the maghreb', Middle East Studies (vol. II, no. 3, October 1975), pp. 315-17,
8.
and Brian Turner, Marx and the end of Orientalism (London, 1979). Books by Talal Asad, Peter Gran, Mahmoud Hussein and Samir Radwan represent major revisionist contributions.
9.
See Amess, New directions in Middle East studies newsletter (vol. I, no. 1, Winter , 1978), p 1
10.
Leonard Binder, 'Area studies a critical reassessment', in The Study of the Middle East: research and scholarship in the humanities and social sciences ( New York, 1976), p 4.
11.
Ibid., pp. 5-6.
12.
Ibid., pp. 1-2.
13.
Marvin Zonis , The Political elite of Iran ( Princeton, 1971), p. ix.
14.
James A Bill , 'The patterns of elite politics in Iran', in George Lenczowski (ed.), Political elites in the Middle East ( Washington, D.C., 1975), p. 24.
15.
James A. Bill and Carl Leiden, The Middle East: politics and power (Boston, 1974), p. 143.
16.
Marvin Zonis, 'The Political elite of Iran: a second stratum?' in Frank Tachau (ed.), Political elites and political development in the Middle East (New York, 1975), pp. 212-13.
17.
Bill and Leiden, op. cit., p. 139
18.
and Zonis in Tachau, p. 208.
19.
Bill and Leiden, op. cit., p. 202.
20.
Leonard Binder, Iran: political development in a changing society ( Berkeley , 1962), pp. 61-2.
21.
Ibid., p. 349.
22.
R.M. Savory, 'Iran: history', in E. Van Donzal, B. Lewis and Ch. Pellat (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of lslam, New Edition, vol. IV, fasc. 61-62 (Leiden, 1973), pp. 33-43.
23.
'The principle of homeostasis considered in relation to political events in Iran in the 1960s', International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES) (vol. 3, 1972), 282-302.
24.
E.A. Bayne, Persian kingship in transition: conversations with a monarch whose office is traditional and whose goal is modernization ( N.Y., 1968), p. 161.
