For a detailed historical account of this European encroachment on Africa, see Chinweizu's The West and the rest of us: white predators, black slavers, and the African elite (New York, 1975)
2.
Quoted in Eric Ashby's Universities: British, Indian, African - a study in the ecology of higher education (Cambridge, Mass, 1966)
3.
A. Moumouni, Education in Africa (New York, 1968)
4.
Ibid.
5.
Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York, 1968)
6.
The dialectical materialist orientation alluded to here is elaborated in my forthcoming monograph on 'The social psychiatry of Frantz Fanon.
7.
A. Sivanandan, 'Alien Gods', in Colour, culture, and consciousness, Bhikhu Parekh (ed.) (London, 1975 )
8.
Amilcar Cabral, Return to the source: selected speeches (New York, 1973)
9.
Ibid.
10.
Amilcar Cabral, Revolution in Guinea (New York, 1969 )
11.
Frantz Fanon, op. cit.
12.
See my 'Reactive identification and the formation of African intelligentsia', in International Social Science Journal (No 1, 1977), a summarized version of my doctoral thesis on the dialectical theory of identification which proposes three basic identification patterns. The first stage involves efforts of increased assimilation into Euro-American culture while simultaneously surrendering one's own traditional culture. This is called the stage of capitulation. The second stage, exemplified by the literature on 'negritude', is characterized by defensive repudiation of the ruling Euro-American culture and by equally defensive romanticism of African traditions. This is referred to as the state of revitalization. The third phase is a stage of synthesis but also of revolutionary commitment to socio-political transformation. This is called the stage of radicalization.
13.
Patricia Greenfield and Jerome Bruner, 'Culture and cognitive growth', in Goslin (ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (Chicago, 1969)
14.
Ayi Kwei Armah , Why are we so blessed? ( Garden City, NY, 1973)
15.
Ibid.
16.
Rene Dumont, False start in Africa (London, 1966)
17.
Paulo Freire , Pedagogy of the oppressed ( New York, 1971)
18.
Frantz Fanon, op. cit.
19.
C. David Jenkins et al., 'Zones of excess mortality in Massachusetts ', New England Journal of Medicine (296 (23), 1977)
20.
Norman B. Rushforth et al., 'Violent death in a metropolitan country: changing patterns in homicide', New England Journal of Medicine, (297 (10), 1977)
21.
Mariana Popp , 'Africa-American style: village in South Carolina imitates West African culture', Ebony (January, 1978)
22.
Leonard Lear, Sepia (November 1976)
23.
Ibid.
24.
New York Times (22 December 1974)
25.
Frantz Fanon, op. cit.
26.
Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (Moscow, 1972)
27.
Frantz Fanon , Black skin, white masks ( New York, 1967)
