The emergent Marxism of Richard Wright's ideology

See Julius Jacobson , The Negro and the American Labor Movement, (1968); Stanley Aronowitz , False Promises (1973), pp 232-46, and Philip Foner's Organized Labor and the Black Worker ( 1974), pp 188-237

See Gary Wills , 'The CIA from Beginning to End'. The New York Review of Books (22 January 1976), p 26

See Herbert Aptheker , The Negro People in America a critique of Gunnar Myrdal's 'An American Dilemma (1946 )

See W E B DuBois Dusk of Dawn (1940). for his comments on what he termed 'the Tuskegee Machine', pp 73-4, and his experiences with other Black intellectuals, pp 290-313 Ralph Ellison captures the phenomenon in the character of Dr Bledsoe in his The Invisible Man (1952)

Identity, Youth and Crisis (1968), pp 296-8

See Constance Webb , Richard Wright (1968), pp 369-85, Michel Fabre, The Unfinished Quest of Richard Wright (1973), pp 454-81 and p 613, note 1, and Faith Berry , 'Portrait of a Man as Outsider', Negro Digest (December 1968), pp 27-37

Wright's posthumously published works, Lawd Today and Eight Men appeared in 1963 and 1961, respectively

See Robert Bone's The Negro Novel in America (1958), for his discussion of the 'Wright School', and Addison Gayle's The Way of the New World (1976), pp 202-32 Gayle mutes the presumption of Himes as a lesser writer than Wright but nevertheless concurs with the observation that Himes' novels borrow their structure from the works of Wright

Even upon leaving the Party, Wright would declare 'I'll be for them, even though they are not for me ' See 'I Tried to be a Communist', The Atlantic Monthly (August and September, 1944) and republished in Richard Crossman's The God that Failed (1950) For Himes, see Lonely Crusade (1947)

For Ellison's remarks, see Harold Isaac , The New World of Negro Americans (1963), pp 260-61

See Georg Lukacs' characterization of existentialism as an absurdist philosophy in his'On the Responsibility of Intellectuals', in Marxism and Humanism (1973).

Introduction by Richard Wright to George Lamming's In the Castle of My Skin (1953), p vi

'How "Bigger" was Born', published as an introduction to Native Son (1966), pp xiv-xvi

For Ellison, see Webb, op cit, p 405, n 6, for Baldwin, see his 'Alas, Poor Richard', in Nobody Knows My Name (1961)

Gayle, op cit, Ch VIII

James Baldwin , 'Everybody's Protest Novel', Notes of a Native Son (1955), p 22.

Sterling Brown's review in Opportunitv (June 1940), p 185

Clifton Fadiman's review in the New Yorker (2 March 1940), p 6.

Crossman , op cit, p 106

lbid, p 105

lbid, p 108

See Benjamin Gitlow , I. Confess (1939), chapters XV and XVI, and Joseph Starobin , American Communism in Crisis ( 1972), p 22

See Wilson Record , The Negro and the Communist Party ( 1951), and Roger Kanet , 'The Comintern and the "Negro Question " Communist Policy in the United States and Africa, 1921-1941 ', Survey (Autumn 1973), pp 86-122

Fabre , op cit, p 137

Crossman , op cit, pp 141-2.

lbid, p 146.

Ibid, p 146

See the organizational conditions for membership in the Communist International , the Labour Monthly (March 1933), pp 199-204

See Earl Browder . General Secretary of the Communist Party of the United States, 'Democracy and the Constitution', in The People's Front (1938), pp 235-48, and 'Resolution on the Offensive of Fascism and the Tasks of the Communist International in the Fight for the Unity of Working Class Against Fascism', Communist Internatronal (20 September 1935), p 951

Browder , 'The 18th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party', op. cit, p 271

lbid, p 275

Browder , 'Revolutionary Background of the United States Constitution', ibid, p.- 266, and 'Twenty Years of Soviet Power', ibid, p 346

See W. Reich , 'What is Class Consciousness', Sex-Pol (1972)

Wright to Michael Gold, as reported in Fabre, op cit, p. 185

Wright , 'How "Bigger" ',op cit, p xix.

Ibid, p xx

Ibid, p xxiv.

Ibid, p xix.

Ibid, p xviii

Ibid, p xvii

Ibid, p. xxiv

Native Son, op cit, pp 391-2

See Fabre, op cit, pp 184-7 for a summary of the reactions of Party leaders to Native Son