A.G. Wilson, 'Theoretical Geography: some speculations', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (No. 57, 1972) pp. 31-42, quotation p. 41.
2.
For example, D.M. Smith, 'Radical Geography — the next revolution? ', Area (Vol. 3, No. 3, 1971) pp. 153-7; and A.T. Blowers, 'Relevance: Bleeding Hearts and Open Values', Area (Vol. 4, No. 4, 1972) pp. 290-2.
3.
L. Bridges, 'Race Relations Research: from Colonialism to Neo-Colonialism? Some random thoughts', Race (Vol. XIV, No. 3, 1973) pp. 331-41.
4.
D. Harvey, 'Revolutionary and Counter-Revolutionary Theory in Geography and the Problems of Ghetto Formation', Antipode (Vol. 4, No. 2, 1972) pp. 1-12, quotation p. 10.
5.
See, for example, letter in West Indian World (2 March 1973) p. 6, and L. Chase, 'A Question of Colour' , West Indian World (16 March 1973) p. 7, and D. Udo, 'Warning: Researchers at Work', Race Today (March, 1973).
6.
D. Lowenthal , 'Geography, Experience and Imagination — Towards a Geographical Epistemology', Annals of the Association of American Geographers (Vol. 51, 1961) pp. 241-60.
7.
D. Timms, 'Quantitative Techniques in Urban Social Geography', in R.J. Chorley and P. Haggett, Frontiers in Geographical Teaching (London, 1965) pp. 239-65. quotation p. 262.
8.
R.E. Pahl, 'Sociological Models in Geography', in R. J. Chorley and P. Haggett (eds.), Models in Geography (London, 1967) pp. 217-42, quotation p. 220.
9.
See, for example, R.J. Horvath, 'On the Relevance of Participant Observation' , Antipode (Vol. 2, No. 1, 1970) pp. 30-7; and R. Jarrett and B. Wisner, 'How to Build a Slum', Antipode (Vol. 1, No. 1, 1969), pp. 37-42, in which we are told that the problem is 'not "phenomena" but "children" ', p. 42.
10.
R. Minshull, The Changing Nature of Geography ( London, 1970).
11.
S. Winchester , 'Immigration and the Immigrant in Coventry: a Study in Segregation', paper given at the conference of the Institute of British Geographers, 1973.
12.
R.L. Woods, 'The Role of Simulation in the Modelling of Immigrant Spatial SubSystems: an Application to Birmingham', paper given at the conference of the Institute of British Geographers, 1973.
13.
P. Rees, 'The Distribution of Social Groups within Cities: Models and Accounts' , in A. G. Wilson (ed.) Patterns and Processes in Urban and Regional Systems ( London, 1972) pp. 165-216, reference p. 204.
14.
R.J. Colenutt , 'Building Models of Urban Growth and Spatial Structure', in C. Board et al. (eds.), Progress in Geography (London, 1970) Vol. 2, pp. 109-52, says: 'None of the models so far discussed is able to evaluate the effect of locational decisions on the spatial pattern of real income in the city ... Yet if our models cannot make these predictions, we are not only ignoring important urban processes but may find that models simply suggest the maintenance of trends that are increasing the inequalities in the distribution of land uses and services, and the flow of goods' (p. 144).
15.
D. Timms, op. cit., p. 255.
16.
R.E. Pahl, 'Urban Social Theory and Research', Environment and Planning (Vol. 1, No. 2, 1969) pp. 143-53, quotation, p. 152.
17.
From concern with quantification to the development of theory, the 'behavioural revolution' to 'social responsibility'.
18.
D. Harvey, 'Social Processes and Spatial Form: an Analysis of Conceptual Problems in Urban Planning', Papers of the Regional Science Association (Vol. 25, 1970), pp. 47-69.
19.
G.C.K. Peach , 'Factors Affecting the Distribution of West Indians in Great Britain', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (Vol. 38, 1966 ) pp. 151-63; idem, 'West Indians as a Replacement Population in England and Wales' , Social and Economic Studies (Vol. 16, No. 3, 1967), pp. 289-94; and idem, West Indian Migration to Britain: A Social Geography ( London, 1968).
20.
P. Rees, op. cit, p. 165.
21.
D. Harvey, 'Social Justice in Spatial Systems', paper given at the conference of the Association of American Geographers, 1971.
22.
R. Peet, 'Some Issues in the Social Geography of American Poverty', Antipode Monographs in Social Geography (No. 1, 1972) pp. 1-16.
23.
M. Parenti, 'Power and Pluralism: a View from the Bottom', Journal of Politics (No. 32, 1970) pp. 501-30.
24.
For example, R. Elgic, 'Rural Immigration, Urban Ghettoization, and their Consequences', Antipode (Vol. 2, No. 2, 1970) pp. 35-54, which concludes: 'The present urban structure in fact impedes the progress of the urban poor. Any genuine attempt to substantially improve their position must include fundamental restructuring of the spatial order of the American metropolitan order ' (p. 54).
25.
For example, J. Doherty, 'Immigrants in London: a study of the relationship between spatial structure and social structure', unpublished PhD. Thesis, University of London, 1973, which contains descriptive chapters of this type.
26.
I. Lowry, 'A Short Course in Model Design', Journal of the American Institute of Planners (Vol. 31, No. 2, 1965) pp. 158-66.
27.
For example, S. Winchester, op. cit, R. Woods, op. cit, and M. Dalton and J.M. Seaman, 'The Distribution of New Commonwealth Immigrants in the London Borough of Ealing, 1961-1966', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (Vol. 58, 1973) pp. 21-39.
28.
For example, B.E. Coates, 'The Distribution of the Overseas Born Population of the British Isles', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (Vol. 43, 1968) pp. 37-43; and P.N. Jones, 'Some Aspects of the Changing Population of Coloured Immigrants in Birmingham, 1961-1966', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (Vol. 50, 1970) pp. 199-219. Both these studies are largely cartographic.
29.
R.B. Davison , 'The Distribution of Immigrant Groups in London' , Race (Vol. V, No. 2, 1963), pp. 56-69, quotation, p. 67.
30.
Doherty, op. cit.
31.
Rees, op. cit, p. 165.
32.
J. King, 'Immigrants in Leeds: an Investigation into their Changing Spatial Distribution' , unpublished paper, Department of Geography, University of Leeds, 1972, p. 21, citing particularly S. Lieberson, 'The Impact of Residential Segregation on Ethnic Assimilation', Social Forces (No. 40, 1961) pp. 52-7, and K. Taeuber, 'Residential Segregation ', Scientific American (No. 213, 1965) pp. 2-9.
33.
For example. H. Rose, 'The Origin and Pattern of Development of Black Social Areas', Journal of Geography (No. 68, 1969) pp. 326-32; R. Morrill, 'The Negro Ghetto: Problems and Alternatives', Geographical Review (No. 55, 1965) pp. 339-61; idem, 'The Persistence of the Black Ghetto as Spatial Separation', Southeastern Geographer (Vol. 11, No. 2, 1971) pp. 149-56; P. de Vise, 'Chicago, 1971: Ready for Another Fire ?', Antipode Monographs in Social Geography (No. 1, 1972) pp. 47-66.
34.
J. Wheeler , 'The Spatial Interaction of Blacks in Metropolitan Areas', Southeastern Geographer (Vol. 11, No. 2, 1971) pp. 101-12, quotation p. 101.
35.
F.E. Horton and D. Reynolds, 'An Investigation of Individual Action Spaces: A Progress Report', Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers (No. 1, 1969), pp. 70-5, quoted in Wheeler, op. cit; and see also B.E. Leach, 'Spatial Poverty and Pluralism', paper given at the conference of the Institute of British Geographers, 1973.
36.
B.T. Robson, Urban Analysis: A Study of City Structure with Special Reference to Sunderland (Cambridge, 1969), p. 6.
37.
C. Davies and G. Fowler, 'The Disadvantaged Black Female Household Head: Migrants to Indianapolis ', Southeastern Geographer (Vol. 11, No. 2, 1971), pp. 113-20, say: 'The failure to adapt and quickly maneuver through urban areas that are foreign to them makes job, welfare, recreation and shopping location search extremely difficult' (p. 119). They set out the preconditions for, but do not make, planning recommendations for enriching the people by bringing improved access and information into the area, together with those things which facilitate movement — employment agencies, bus stops, nurseries. They favour dispersal, but do not suggest how it might be achieved.
38.
For American examples, see A. Downs, 'Alternative Futures for the American Ghetto' , Daedulus (Vol. 97, No. 4, 1968) pp. 1,331-78, not by ageographer, but of interest to geographers; and R. Kasperson, 'Towards a Geography of Urban Politics: Chicago, a Case Study', Economic Geography (No. 41, 1965 ) pp. 95-107, who writes: 'Unless urban geographers assume the responsibility of viewing urban politics as something more than an obstacle to planning, a serious deficiency will continue to thwart our understanding of the geography of American cities ' (p. 107). He is directing his planning methods towards remedial activity.
39.
D.W. Maxfield , 'School Desegration and Overcrowding: A Mathematically Based Solution', abstracted in Bulletin of the Georgia Academy of Science (No. 28, 1970), p. 27 ; and idem, 'Spatial Planning of School Districts', Annals of the Association of American Geographers (Vol. 62, No. 4, 1972) pp. 582-90.
40.
One early American example of interest to geographers is M.J. Ravitz, 'Effects of Urban Renewal on Community Racial Patterns', Journal of Social Issues (Vol. 13, No. 4, 1957), pp. 38-49. Published in Britain there is: M.E. Witherick, 'United States Urban Renewal Programme: a Preliminary Appraisal of Grant Authorizations', Area (Vol. 4, 1970), pp. 11-16.
41.
P. de Vise , 'Cook County Hospital: Bulwark of Chicago's Apartheid Health System and Prototype of the Nation's Public Hospitals', Antipode (Vol. 3, No. 1, 1971), pp. 9-20, condemns hospitals built for economies of scale. In Britain a doctor writes: 'The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served', J.T. Hart, 'The Inverse Care Law', Lancet (27 February 1971) pp. 405-12, quotation p. 412. Neither of these examples is exclusively concerned with racial groups, but they indicate the work that could be done.
42.
For example. J. Dudas and D. Longbrake, 'Problems and Future Directions of Residential Integration: the Local Application of Federally Funded Programmes in Dude County, Florida', Southeastern Geographer (Vol. 11, No. 2, 1971), pp. 151-68, mentions policy proposals to implement residential integration,which they call 'direct' integration, as opposed to 'indirect' integration in public life; J. Wheeler 'Transportation Problems in Negro ghettos', Sociology and Social Research (No. 53, 1969 ) pp. 171-9, which looks beyond the transport problem to increasing choice of residence and job; and S. Davies and M. Albaum, 'Mobility problems and the poor in Indianapolis' , Antipode Monographs in Social Geography, (Vol. 1, 1972) pp. 67-86, which, recognising the advantages of car owners in getting jobs, proposes new bus routes.
43.
B. Goodey, 'The Role of the Indian in North Dakota's Geography: Some Propositions', Antipode (Vol. 2, No. 1, 1970) pp. 11-24, quotation p. 21.
44.
R. Morrill , 'Geography and the Transformation of Society' , Part 1, Antipode (Vol. 1, No. 1, 1969) pp. 7-9, quotation p. 8.
45.
For example, see M. Breitbart, 'Advocacy in Planning and Geography' , Antipode (Vol. 4, No. 2, 1972) pp. 64-8.
46.
D. Harvey, op. cit, 1972, pp. 10-11.
47.
J. King, op. cit, p. 5.
48.
R. Downs, 'Geographic Space Perception', in Board et al., op. cit, pp. 65-108.
49.
D. Harvey, op. cit, 1970, p. 58.
50.
See, for example. G.C.K. Peach, 'The Under-Enumeration of West Indians in the 1961 census', Sociological Review (Vol. 14, No. 1, 1966) pp. 73-80.
51.
D. Harvey, op. cit, 1972, p. 10.
52.
F. Raveau, 'The Use of Minorities in the Social Sciences', New Atlantis (Vol. 1, No. 2. 1970), pp. 159-67, quotation, p. 159.
53.
S. Birdsall, in 'Introduction to Research on Black America: Prospects and Preview' , Southeastern Geographer (Vol. 11, No. 2, 1971) pp. 85-9, makcs this point.
54.
J. King, op. cit, p. 13.
55.
L. Bridges, op. cit, p. 340.
56.
D.M. Smith, 'Alternative "relevant" professional roles', Area (Vol. 5, No. 1, 1973), pp. 1-4, quotation, p. 4. See, for example, Berry, 'More on Relevance and Policy Analysis', Area (Vol. 4, No. 2, 1972) pp. 77-80; and M. Chisholm, Research in Human Geography (London, 1971).
57.
D.M. Smith, op. cit, 1973, p. 4.
58.
For example, Liverpool Community Relations Council, 'Sowing the Dragon's Teeth', 1972.
59.
O.F. Donaldson , 'Geography and the Black American: The White Papers and the Invisible Man', Journal of Geography (No. 70, 1971), pp. 138-49. See also D.R. Deskins Jr., 'Geographical Literature on the American Negro, 1949-1968: a Bibliography' , Professional Geograpber (No. 21, 1969) pp. 145-9.
60.
F.A. Ritter , 'Towards a Geography of the Negro in the City' , Journal of Geograpby (No. 70, 1971) pp. 150-6.
