Race and Social Stratification

Malcolm Cross , 'On Conflict, Race Relations and the Theory of the Plural Society', Race (Vol. XII, 1971), p. 487.

Cf. e.g. Leo Kuper , 'Theories of Revolution and Race Relations' , Comparative Studies in Society and History (Vol. XIII, 1971), pp. 87-107.

Cf. David Lockwood , 'Race, Conflict and Plural Society', in Sami Zubaida (ed.), Race and Racialism ( London, Tavistock, 1970), p. 63: 'The claim of some proponents of the concept of plural society that this idea represents a radical innovation in dominant sociological theory is only true with respect to that body of thought which attributes overriding importance to the function of common values for social integration.'

M.G. Smith , 'Institutional and Political Conditions of Pluralism', in Leo Kuper and M. G. Smith (eds.), Pluralism in Africa (Berkeley , University of California, 1969 ), p. 27.

Louis Dumont , Homo Hierarchicus (tr. Sainsbury; London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1970), p. 3.

Cf. Gerald Berreman , 'Race, Caste, and Other Invidious Distinctions in Social Stratification', above p. 387.

See W.G. Runciman , 'Explaining Social Stratification', in T. Nossiter (ed.), Imagination and Precision in the Social Sciences (London, forthcoming 1972), pp. 168ff.

Cf. A.N. Sherwin-White , Racial Prejudice in Imperial Rome ( Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 99: 'Though Greeks and Latins refer to the Jews as an ethnos or a natio or a gens, i.e. a folk or tribe, there is no genuinely racial or racist connotation .' Sherwin-White's book seems, indeed, oddly mistitled since its theme is that racial prejudice in ancient Rome was in effect non-existent (cf. p. 1).

The subject of ancient slavery is, however, a great deal more complex than these passing remarks may suggest: see e.g. M. I. Finley (ed.), Slavery in Classical Antiquity ( Cambridge, Heffer, 1960), and Keith Hopkins , 'Slavery in Classical Antiquity' in Anthony de Reuck and Julie Knight (eds.), Caste and Race: Comparative Approaches ( London, J. & A. Churchill, 1967), pp. 166-77.

A classic statement of this attitude is the speech of Palmerston at the South London Industrial Exhibition prizegiving in 1865, quoted by Geoffrey Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, 1851-75 (London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1971), pp. 234-6.

See Kaare Svalastoga , Social Differentiation ( New York, McKay, 1965), p. 40. 12 This account is based on Julio Caro Boroja, 'Honour and Shame: A Historical Account of Several Conflicts' , in J. G. Peristiany (ed.), Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society ( London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965), pp. 100 ff. 13 John Rex , Race Relations in Sociological Theory (London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1970), p. 35.

Cf. Helen Codere , 'Power in Ruanda', Anthropologica (Vol. IV, 1962), pp. 45-85. 15 See W.G. Runciman , '"Social" Equality', Philosophical Quarterly (Vol. XVII, 1967), pp. 223—4.

The history of the Buraku protest movement in Japan furnishes a particularly interesting case study of this dilemma given the lack of any physically distinctive trait: see George DeVos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma (eds.), Japan's Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality (Berkeley, University of California, 1966).

Cf. Reeve D. Vanneman and Thomas F. Pettigrew , 'Race and Relative Deprivation in the Urban United States', above p. 483.

Eric Dunning , 'Dynamics of Racial Stratification: some Preliminary Observations' (above, p. 418) suggests that 'the social processes involved in the rise of Negro protest movements in the U.S.A. represent, in some respects, a close approximation to the type of class formation predicted by Marx.' This may be true as far as the transformation from a class in itself to a class for itself is concerned, except that we are simply not dealing with a class in Marx's sense; or rather, we are dealing with an ethnic consciousness whose class content is variable: cf. the conclusion of John C. Leggett , Class, Race and Labor ( New York, Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 129, about Detroit: 'However, because of inter-ethnic hostility, class consciousness has presently a limited range of political consequences.'

L. Paul Metzger , 'American Sociology and Black Assimilation: Conflicting Perspectives', American Journal of Sociology (Vol. LXXVI, 1971), p. 644; and cf. the remarks of George DeVos , 'Stratification and Ethnic Pluralism', above pp. 454 ff., on the differences between generations among American ethnic groups.

Cf. Nur Yalman , 'The Flexibility of Caste Principles in a Kandyan Village Community', in E. R. Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North West Pakistan (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1960), p. 99.

Tamotsu Shibutani and Kian M. Kwan , Ethnic Stratification ( New York, Macmillan, 1965), p. 50.

Ernest Krausz , Ethnic Minorities in Britain ( London, MacGibbon and Kee, 1971), p. 22, n. 42: 'A particularly interesting anthropological feature of the Irish people is the combination of light coloured eyes and dark hair.'

Cf. the comment of the Captain-General of Venezuela in 1815 on the status mobility permitted to wealthy mulattos, cited from J.F. King , 'A Royalist View of the Colored Castes in the Venezeulan War of Independence', Hispanic American Historical Review (Vol. XXXIII, 1953), p. 528 by Stanley M. Elkins , in Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago, University of Chicago,

1959 ), p. 78, n. 114: 'The State greatly gains, for the increase of the upper class, even though it be artificial, is to its interest.'

George DeVos , 'Conflict, Dominance and Exploitation in Human Systems of Social Segregation' , in Anthony de Reuck and Julie Knight (eds.), Conflict in Society (London, Churchill, 1966 ), p. 71.

There is, however, a remarkable degree of variation both within and between cultures in these areas: see e.g. the remarks of Herbert Passin in Caste and Race, p. 111, on the difficulty of explaining 'why musicians in Africa were highly regarded, while in Japan at certain periods certain kinds of musicians formed a pariah caste; or why the making of certain kinds of basket was considered polluting in Korea, but would not be so considered elsewhere'.

To say this is not to imply that such concepts as 'somatic norm image' and 'somatic distance' are an adequate basis for any sort of general theory of race relations. But it is to agree with Sidney W. Mintz, 'Groups, Group Boundaries and the Perception of "Race" ', Comparative Studies in Society and History (Vol. XIII, 1971), p. 449 that they could perhaps be useful as 'provocative suggestions about the ways race relations may be perpetuated cognitively'.

Cf. Winthrop D. Jordan , White Over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina, 1968), p. 6 for the contrast with the experience of the English.

See John Rex and Robert Moore , Race, Community and Conflict ( London, Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations, 1967) for a fully documented account of these processes in Birmingham in the 1960s. For the situation of the Jews in London and elsewhere at the turn of the century, and the attitudes towards them, see V.D. Lipman , A Social History of the Jews of England, 1850-1940 (London, Watts, 1954), L.P. Gartner , The Jewish Immigrant in England 1870-1914 (London, Allen and Unwin, 1959), Ernest Krausz, Leeds Jewry (Cambridge , Heffer, 1964), and John A. Garrard , The English and Immigration: a Comparative Study of the Jewish Influx 1880-1910 (London, Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations, 1971).

Gartner, op. cit., p. 278.

Lipman, op. cit., p. 143.

See John Porter , The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (Toronto, University of Toronto, 1965), chapter III: 'Ethnicity and Social Class'.

Herbert Blumer , 'Industrialisation and Race Relations' in Guy Hunter (ed.), Industrialisation and Race Relations (London, Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations, 1965 ), p. 241.

Cf. Pierre L. van den Berghe , 'Racial Segregation in South Africa: Degrees and Kinds', in Heribert Adam (ed.), South Africa: Sociological Perspectives (London, Oxford University Press, 1971), esp. pp. 40-6.

Jacques J. Maquet , The Premise of Inequality in Ruanda (London, Oxford University Press, 1961).