Garveyism and African Nationalism

See E. U. Essien-Udom's Introduction to the second edition on Philosophy any Opinions of Marcus Garvey (London, Frank Cass and Company, 1967), p. xxv.

For a general account of the Garvey movement see E.D. Cronon , Black Moses (Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin Press , 1955).

Op. cit., p. xxiv.

T. Hodgkin , Nationalism in Colonial Africa ( London, Muller, 1956), pp. 101-2.

See also G. Shepperson , 'Pan-Africanism and "Pan-Africanism": Some Historical Notes', Phylon (Vol. XXIII, No. 4, 1962, p. 356). This article is most suggestive in its indications of possible fields of research in Pan-African studies.

' Quoted in Frederick German Detweiler , The Negro Press in the United States (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1922), p. 16.

Negro World (16 July 1932), p. 6.

Negro World (3 June 1933), p. 2. See also 'An Appreciation of Garvey's "Africa for the Africans" by the Johannesburg newspaper Abantu-Batho', Negro World (7 August 1926), p. 10;

Joseph Masogha, Kimberley, South Africa, to the editor of Negro World (14 August 1926), p. 10;

ibid. (30 April 1927), p. 2;

Benjamin Majafi , Liddesdaale, Evaton, South Africa, to S. A. Hayes, President of the Pittsburgh Division of U.N.I.A. in Negro World (30 April 1927), p. 5;

'Voices from Africa', ibid.;

'Organisation Work in Africa Growing', Negro World (21 May 1927), p. 4;

also Mrs. Singer-Baldridge (American journalist and writer), 'What they think of Garvey' , Negro World (18 August 1928).

On the West African side see some of the newspapers quoted in 'The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League is making progress in Lagos', West Africa (27 November 1920), pp. 1,513, 1,496,

and West Africa (11 December 1920), p. 1,553.

J.G. Campbell to the Editor, Times of Nigeria (24 May 1920), pp. 4-5.

Ibid. See also resolution 5 in Conference of Africans of British West Africa, Held at Accra, 1920, p. 3.

Times of Nigeria (24 May 1920 ), p. 5.

Lagos Weekly Record (27 November 1920), p. 5.

J. Babington Adebayo , 'The British West African Congress: Marcus Garvey's Pan-Negroism and the Universal Negro Improvement Association', Lagos Weekly Record (27 November 1920), p. 7.

Ibid.; for the reference to the Haitian army, see Ralph Korngold , Citizen Toussaint (London, Left Book Club, 1945), p. 67. ('To compensate for the paucity of equipment and training there was a superabundance of general officers. There were few who confessed to any rank lower than captain, and the number of generals was bewildering ....')

Nigerian Pioneer, quoted in West Africa (27 November 1920), p. 1,496.

Sierra Leone Weekly News, quoted in West Africa (11 December 1920), p. 1,553.

Sir Hugh Clifford, Report on U.N.I.A. Activities in Nigeria, C.O. 583/109/28194 (27 February 1922), para. 2. The intelligence reports, on which Sir Hugh's report was based, seem to be fairly reliable, particularly when checked against newspaper material relating to the activities of the Garvey movement in Lagos.

See G. Padmore , Pan-Africanism or Communism? (London, Dobson, 1956 ), pp. 97-101;

also the despatches of the British Legation in Monrovia contained in Gambia Confidential M.P. No. 727, 3/59 (21 June 1922); 'Universal Negro Improvement Association: Activities of representatives of', Francis O'Meara to H.M. Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (22 February 1924);

ibid. (7 July 1924);

ibid. (23 August 1924);

also G. Grindle to H.M. Charge d'Affaires, Monrovia (15 October 1924),

and Edwin Barclay, Secretary of State, Liberia, to The Agent, Elder Dempster and Co., Ltd., Monrovia (30 June 1924); and 'Marcus Garvey and Liberia—An Epitome of the Liberian Government's Attitude', African World (1925), pp. 124-5.

John Ballard , 'The Porto Novo Incidents of 1923: Politics in the Colonial Era', Odu (Vol. 2, No. 1, 1965), p. 66.

R.C. Maugham , British Consulate General, Dakar, to H.E. the Governor, Gambia (15 June 1922), Confidential No. 384/255/22, Gambia 3/59, Confidential M.P. No. 727: 'Universal Negro Improvement Association: Activities of representatives of';

also R. Maunier , The Sociology of Colonies (London, 1938 ), Vol. I, p. 50.

Nigeria Confidential 'C', C.O. 583/118/34197 (9 July 1923).

H. Labouret , 'Le Mouvement Pan-Negre Aux Etats-Unis et Ses Repercussions en Afrique', Politique Etrangère (1937), p. 320;

Hans Kohn and W. Sokolsky , African Nationalism in the Twentieth Century Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand, 1965), p. 34.

Magnus Sampson , 'Kobina Sekyi as I Knew Him', Sekyi Papers, Cape Coast Regional Archives, 716/64.

K. Sekyi , The Parting of the Ways (n.d. 1922 ?). Internal evidence (e.g., his reference to 'the recent opening of Achimota') suggests that the work was published in 1925; the author came across it while studying the Sekyi papers at Cape Coast, Ghana , in 1966.

Ibid., p. 23.

Ibid., pp. 23-4.

Ibid., pp. 24-7.

Alexander Crummell , The Relation and Duties of the Free Colored Men in America to Africa (Hartford, 1861),

The Duty of a Rising Christian State (London, 1856),

Africa and America (London, 1891).

Cf. Professor G. Shepperson , 'Pan-Africanism and "Pan-Africanism": Some Historical Notes', Phylon (Fourth Quarter, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, 1962), p. 357('5. Balkanization: How far is the fear of this in Africa which plays an important part in contemporary all-African movements ... of relatively recent introduction?') W. E. G. Sekyi's arguments are particularly relevant in the attempt to asnwer this question.

W.E.G. Sekyi , op. cit., pp. 28-9. The author saw drafts of manuscripts on African political theory by Sekyi in the Sekyi papers, entitled 'An African Political Hierarchy' (Sekyi Papers, Cape Coast); there was also the draft of a thesis for the London M.A. entitled 'The Relation Between the State and the Individual Considered in the Light of its Bearing on the Conception of Duty', the first chapter being on 'The Social System of the people of the Gold Coast'. These papers are being edited by the author for the Edinburgh University African Heritage Series

Sekyi , The Parting of the Ways, p. 32.

Ibid., p. 34.

Ibid., p. 37.

Ibid., p. 37.

Ibid., pp. 37-8.

Ibid., p. 40.

See J. Ayo Langley , 'West African Aspects of the Pan-African Movement, 1900-1945' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh , 1968), Chs. 3-5.

For details relating to contracts between French Africans and U.N.I.A. see my article 'Pan-Africanism in Paris, 1924-1936', Journal of Modern African Studies (Vol. VII, No. 1, April 1969).

Marcus Garvey in Negro World (4 and 11 August 1928).

See Ch. Du Bus de Warnaffe , 'Le mouvement pan-nègre aux Etats-Unis et ailleurs', Congo (May 1922 );

'Le Garveyism en action dans notre Colonie', Congo (June-December 1921), pp. 575-6;

and Pierre Daye , 'Le Mouvement pan-nègre', Le Flambeau (Brussels) (No. 7, July-August 1921), pp. 359-75.

The most imaginative of these journalists was one R. Eaton who saw Pan-Africanism as the handmaiden of communism in the Congo, 'Le bolshevisme au Congo', see Congo (June-December 1924), pp. 752-7.

See James Weldon Johnson , Black Manhattan ( New York, 1930), p. 256.

See E.H. Carr, What is History? (London , 1961), pp. 48-9.

Life and Habit (London, 1910), p. 276.

Musa was Cary's Hausa political agent.

Joyce Cary , The Case for African Freedom ( University of Texas Press, 1962), pp. 21-2.