Letter to editor of The New York Times (15 January 1968). The author of the letter was Roy Innis, Associate National Director of C.O.R.E. Mr. Innis is now National Director.
6.
For a full discussion of surviving Africanisms among New World Negroes see Melville J. Herskovits, The Myth of the Negro Past (Boston, Beacon Press, 1958).
7.
W.E.B. DuBois, Dusk of Dawn (New York , Harcourt, Brace, 1940), p. 275.
8.
Harold R. Isaacs, The New World of Negro Americans (New York, The Viking Press, 1964), p. 106.
9.
Journal of Negro History, Vol. XXII (1937), p. 367.
10.
St. Clair Drake, 'Negro Americans and the Africa Interest' , The American Negro Reference Book, ed. by John P. Davis (New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1966), p. 667.
11.
See George Shepperson, 'Ethiopianism and African Nationalism' , Phylon, XIV (1953), pp. 9-18.
12.
Daniel Thwaite, The Seething African Pot—A Study of Black Nationalism 1882-1935 (London, Constable and Co. Ltd., 1956), pp. 36-7.
13.
The fascinating Chilembwe story is told in vivid detail in George Shepperson and Thomas Price, Independent African; John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting, and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915 (Edinburgh, University Press, 1958).
14.
Colin Legum, Pan-Africanism—A Short Political Guide (New York, Frederick A. Praeger , 1965).
15.
Ibid., p. 25.
16.
Ibid., p. 16.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Countee Cullen, Color (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1925), p. 36.
19.
John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom—A History of American Negroes (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), p. 561.
20.
Historical Survey of the Origins and Growth of the Mau Mau, Cmnd. 1030 (London, H.M.S.O., 1960), p. 45.
21.
George Bennett, Kenya—A Political History—The Colonial Period (London, Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 147 and 160.
22.
An excellent study of Turner is Edwin S. Redkey, 'Bishop Turner's African Dream', The Journal of American History , Vol. LIV, No. 2 (September 1967), pp. 271-90.
23.
The standard work on Garvey is Edmund David Cronon, Black Moses (Madison, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1962).
24.
Franklin, op. cit., p. 483.
25.
Benjamin 'Pap' Singleton was an illiterate former slave who first removed 7,500 Negroes from the South to Kansas and then attempted unsuccessfully, through his United Transatlantic Company to promote emigration to Africa. See Walter L. Fleming , '"Pap" Singleton, the Moses of the Colored Exodus', American Journal of Sociology , XV, (July 1909).
26.
Alfred C. Sam, a self-styled Gold Coast chief, promoted 'back-to-Africanism' in the all Negro communities of Oklahoma at the time of World War I. Through his Akim Trading Company he did succeed in repatriating sixty American Negroes in 1914-15. See William E. Bittle and Gilbert Geis, The Longest Way Home: Chief Alfred C. Sam's Back-to-Africa Movement (Detroit , Wayne State University, 1964).
27.
E.U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism—A Search for an Identity in America (New York, Dell Publishing Co. Inc., 1962), p. 60.
28.
Charles Peaker, Black Nationalism ( New York, African-American Publications, 1967), p. 86.
29.
African Opinion (June-July 1961 ), p. 12.
30.
Peaker, op. cit., p. 86.
31.
M.G. Smith, Roy Augier, and Rex Nettleford, The Ras Tafari Movement in Kingston, Jamaica (Kingston, Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1960).
32.
From time to time the middle-class Negro press publishes letters to the editor urging separatism. One which appeared in Ebony was written by an Illinois Negro who invoked Garvey's name and opined that 'the only way we are going to get freedom, justice and equality is to flee from this country'. Ebony (December 1966).
33.
Floyd B. McKissick, A Black Manifesto ( New York, National Congress of Racial Equality, 1967), p. 5.
34.
Ibid., p. 8.
35.
Ibid.
36.
Liberator, Vol. V, No. 10 (October 1965), p. 3.
37.
New York Amsterdam News, 23 December 1967.
38.
Ibid. and New York Times, 18 January 1968.
39.
New York Amsterdam News, 23 December 1967.
40.
John Oliver Killens, Black Man's Burden ( New York, Trident, 1965), p. 164.
41.
Carl T. Rowan, 'Has Paul Robeson Betrayed the Negro', Ebony (October 1957).
42.
Essien-Udom, op. cit., p. 69.
43.
Quoted in Killens, op. cit., p. 164.
44.
George Breitman (ed.), Malcolm X Speaks (New York, Grove Press, 1966), p. 36.
45.
Ibid., p. 75.
46.
Malcolm X., The Autobiography of Malcolm X ( New York, Grove Press, 1966), p. 347.
47.
Ibid., p. 350.
48.
Killens, op. cit., p. 176.
49.
Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power—The Politics of Liberation in America (New York, Vintage Books, 1967), p. 38.
50.
C.O.R.E. Resolution (July 1967).
51.
Fred C. Shapiro, 'The Successor to Floyd McKissick May Not Be So Reasonable', New York Times Magazine (October 1967).
52.
New York Times (9 May 1966); the October 1968 issue of Ebony included a story entitled 'Yoruba Wedding' about a Chicago couple, members of an 'Afro' cult, who had been married in a ceremony based on ancient West African nuptial rites.
53.
Life (15 July 1966).
54.
New York Times (27 May 1966).
55.
Ibid. (11 November 1967).
56.
Also see Ernest Dunbar, 'The Black Revolt Hits the White Campus', Look (31 October 1967).
57.
Liberator, Vol. III, No. 2 (February 1963), p. 3.
58.
A.N.L.C. Resolutions (23, 24, 25 November 1962).
59.
A.N.L.C. Resolutions (24, 25, 26, 27 September 1964).
60.
A.N.L.C. Resolutions (26, 27, 28 January 1967).
61.
New York Age (12 May 1923).
62.
Resolutions of the Summit Conference of Independent African States, May 1963. Quoted in Legum, op. cit., pp. 296-7.
63.
Resolutions of the First Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity, July 1965. Quoted in Legum, op. cit., p. 305.
64.
New York Times (22 January 1966 ).
65.
Ibid. (5 October 1967). Copy of notice of motion given by Hon. M. Mwithaga to National Assembly.
66.
The Autobiography of Malcolm X, p. 356.
67.
Ibid., pp. 361-2.
68.
John Nagenda, 'Pride or Prejudice? Relationships Between Africans and American Negroes', Race, Vol. IX, No. 2, (October 1967), p. 159.
