European Attitudes and African Pressures: Missions and Government in Kenya between the Wars

See the opinion of provincial commissioner John Ainsworth , cited in G. H. Mungeam, British Rule in Kenya 1895-1912: The Establishment of Administration in the East Africa Protectorate (London, Clarendon Press, 1966), p. 42.

Sir Percy Girouard , Confidential Memoranda for Provincial and District Commissioners (Government Printer, Nairobi, 1910).

Enclosure in acting provincial commissioner Nyanza province, circular to district commissioner, 19 October 1917; Kenya National Archives (K.N.A.), CN/51.

Native Affairs Department Annual Report ( 1923), p. 7.

D.A. Low , 'Lion Rampant', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies ii, 3 (1964), pp. 235-52.

G.V. Maxwell , circular to all missionaries (17 March 1922): copy in Kaimosi mission papers. For the political movements associated with Harry Thuku,

see Carl G. Rosberg Jr. , and John Nottingham , The Myth of 'Man Mau': Nationalism in Kenya (New York, Praeger; London, Pall Mall Press; Nairobi, East African Publishing House, 1966), Chapter II.

Cited in Robert I. Rotberg , 'The Origins of Nationalist Discontent in East and Central Africa', Journal of Negro History (xlviii, 2, 1963), pp. 130-41.

G.V. Maxwell , Circular No. 3, Kenya National Archives (DC/KAJ, 9/1/1/1, 9 January 1922).

O.F. Watkins to Archdeacon Owen, Owen papers (7 February 1921).

For example, K. L. Hunter to S. H. Fazan, K.N.A. (DC/CN.8/2, 13 June. 1940)

South Nyanza Political Records, v., K.N.A. (DC/KSI.3/1).

H.R. Tate , Nyanza Province Annual Report ( 1922-3).

Owen to Tatc, Owen papers (23 November 1922); Owen to General Kenyon, Mascno Diocesan papers, Kisumu (21 September 1922).

R. C. Pedraza to Chief Secretary, K.N.A. (SF/ADM. 26.1., 12 June 1936).

F.B. Welbourn , Religion and Polities in Uganda, 1952-1962 (Nairobi, East African Publishing House, 1965).

Evidence of Father Bergmans, Report of the Education Commission of the E.A.P. (Nairobi, 1919), pp. 22-3.

Nyanza Province Annual Reports, repeatedly from 1921-2.

Emory Rees to American Friends' Board of Foreign Missions , Kaimosi Mission papers (25 July 1921).

Owen to International Missionary Council, Owen papers (29 April 1935).

Rees to A.F.B.F.M., op. cit. (14 February 1924).

Owen to I.M.C., op. cit.

Owen to Tate, Owen papers (23 November 1922).

Fazan to Zablon Aduwo, K.N.A. (DC/CN.8/2, 27 November 1939).

Horne to Emley, K.N.A. (PC./CP8/5/5, 12 January 1934).

Vidal to Hemsted, K.N.A. (PC/CP.8/5/1, 23 January 1928).

Rosberg and Nottingham , op. cit., p. 121.

See also F.B. Welbourn , East African Rebels (London, S.C.M. Press, 1961);

T.O. Ranger , 'African Attempts to Control Education in East and Central Africa, 1900-1939' , Past and Present, 32 (1965), pp. 57-85. Church of Scotland Memorandum preparared by the Kikuyu Mission Council on Female Circumcision, K.N.A. (PC/CP.8/1/1 & 2 and PC/CP.8/5/1-6, 1931).

S.H. Fazan , 'A Report on Some Aspects of the Relations between Government and the Local Native Councils in Kenya' ( 1938), copy in Central Government Library, Nairobi.

Significantly, one of the last KCA meetings before it was proscribed was to discuss with the KTWA and NKCA the implications of the Report on a Visit to Kenya by Dr.I. B. Pole-Evans ( Nairobi, Government Printer, 1939 ), which recommended extensive soil conservation and cattle-culling measures.