'In 1911, 106,082 "Russians and Poles" were enumerated in England and Wales, and it is reasonable to raise this to 120,000 by adding Jewry in Scotland, and including East European Jews from Germany, Austria and Rumania'. Lloyd P. Gartner, The Jewish Immigrant In England 1870 to 1914 (London, Allen and Unwin, 1960), p. 49. At the beginning of 1965, the number of Commonwealth immigrants was estimated at 820,000. Times (18 January 1965).
2.
See Lloyd P. Gartner, 'Notes on the Statistics of Jewish Immigration ', Jewish Social Studies (XXI, pp. 97-102).
3.
For an analysis of the behaviour of the left wing—the Liberals, Socialists and trades unions, in relation to Jewish immigration, see John A. Garrard, The Political Left Wing and the Issue of Alien Jewish Immigration 1880-1910, M.A. (Econ.) Thesis (Manchester1966).
4.
The Jewish Chronicle (1 April 1898), p. 20.
5.
Sheila Patterson, Dark Stranger (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963).
6.
Hansard, 4th Series H(8) 1205 (11 February 1893).
7.
The Clarion (28 August 1896), p. 268.
8.
Councillor Finney, quoted Nicholas Deakin (ed.), Colour and the British Electorate 1964 ( London, Pall Mall Press for the Institute of Race Relations , 1965), p. 91.
9.
Royal Commission on Alien Immigration, Minutes of Evidence Vol. II (Cd. 1742, 1903), p. 288.
10.
Colour and the British Electorate, p. 153.
11.
William Walker , Undertaker, Royal Commission Vol. II, p. 298.
12.
William Rose , Carpenter, ibid., p. 302.
13.
Quoted by Paul Foot, Immigration and Race in British Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin1965), p. 36.
14.
Royal Commission Vol. II, p. 297.
15.
G. Brown, Stepney Resident, ibid. p. 88.
16.
Charles Freake , President of the National Boot and Shoe Workers Union, Trades Union Congress Report (1895), p. 45.
17.
G. Knight, Fur Skin Dressers Union. T.U.C. Report (1894), p. 59.
18.
Immigration and Race in British Politics, p. 36.
19.
Royal Commission, Vol. II, p. 310.
20.
Reverend G.S. Reaney in Arnold White (ed.) The Destitute Alien (London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1892), p. 189. See also John Sanders, '... we are the only civilized nation in the world. Only twice has this self rule been achieved in history— in Athens and in Britain ... We have the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights and Habeas Corpus—a very precious heritage which we are now throwing away ... The Afro Asians are feckless peoples with cultures different from our own ...,' quoted in Immigration and Race in British Politics, p. 196.
'A Smethwick man talking about Smethwick issues in a Smethwick election', quoted in Colour and the British Electorate, p. 85.
27.
Several members like Spencer Charrington, Mile End and Thomas Dewar, St. Georges—and candidates like Thomas Benskin and Rupert Guinness—emphasized that they were big local employers (brewers). Evans Gordon was 'a local resident' and a very active local member. Harry Lawson (Charrington's successor in Mile End) 'has never left the constituency, even for a week, to take care of itself.' East London Observer (6 January 1906), p. 8.
28.
Immigration and Race in British Politics, p. 41.
29.
Hansard 4S (133) 1088 (25 April 1905).
30.
East London Observer (25 June 1892).
31.
Note also the fairly common theme that the lack of restrictive action is due to an 'overall conspiracy (by the politicians) to keep the issue out'. Quoted in Immigration and Race in British Politics, p. 203.
32.
Colour and the British Electorate, p. 86.
33.
The Destitute Alien, p. 186.
34.
See 'Political Note', Times (20 June 1898).
35.
Jewish Chronicle (8 March 1905).
36.
The Destitute Alien, p. 189.
37.
See Colour and the British Electorate, pp. 133-41.
38.
Hansard 3S (356) 551 (28 July 1891).
39.
4S (2) 1661 (24 March 1892).
40.
4S (3) 146 (1 April 1892).
41.
4S (4) 279 (6 May 1892).
42.
4S (4) 826 (13 May 1892).
43.
4S (4) 1447 (16 May 1892).
44.
4S (5) 215 (30 May 1892).
45.
4S (8) 1210 (11 March 1893).
46.
Evans Gordon's description, quoted Jewish Chronicle (15 July 1904), p. 20. The fillibuster had been led by Winston Churchill.
47.
Hansard 4S (133) 1104 (25 April 1904).
48.
As it finally stood, the relevant clause read as follows: 'In the case of an immigrant who proves that he is seeking admission to this country solely to avoid prosecut ion or punishment on religious or political grounds, or for an offence of a political character, or persecution involving danger to life and limb, leave to land shall not be refused on grounds merely of want of means.' Bill 277 (1905).
49.
49 Hansard 4S (149) 1263 (19 July 1905).
50.
Immigration and Race in British Politics, p. 148; see also Colour and the British Electorate , p. 160.
51.
H. H. Wells (St. Georges) did not mention it at all: East London Observer (13 January 1906). A. P. Du Cros (Bow and Bromley) made a mild reference to the issue in the tenth of a sixteen point election address: East London Observer (13 January 1906). Harry Lawson had framed a by-election campaign around the issue in 1905, but made no reference to it in his 1906 election address: East London Observer (6 January 1906). H. S. Samuel mentioned it as one of seven grievances in East London Observer (16 January 1906) and gave little prominence to the issue in his speeches.
52.
William Stanley Shaw, interview Jewish Chronicle (13 October 1902), p. 9.
53.
Quoted in Jewish Chronicle (6 October 1901 ), p. 18.
54.
5 January 1905, quoted Jewish Chronicle (6 January 1905), p. 25.
55.
Lord Silkin, House of Lords 5S (153) 706 (19 November 1958).
56.
Interview with writer (5 October 1964).
57.
Quoted in Immigration and Race in British Politics, p. 52.
58.
Evans Gordon, Hansard, 4S (101) 1279 (29 January 1902).
59.
James Lowther, Hansard, 4S (8) 1160 (11 February, 1893).
60.
Quoted in Immigration and Race in British Politics, p. 36.
61.
Colour and the British Electorate, p. 42.
62.
Letter to East London Advertizer (5 July 1902), quoted by W.H. Robb, Working Class Anti-Semite ( Tavistock, London, 1954), p. 202.
63.
Royal Commission, Vol. II, pp. 286-88. See also the League's Second Manifesto (for popular consumption)—'It is of no consequence whether a destitute immigrant believes in the Bible, the Talmud or the Koran', quoted Jewish Chronicle (1 November 1901), p. 12.
64.
Royal Commission, Vol. II, p. 289.
65.
House of Commons Select Committee on Alien Immigration, Report and Minutes of Evidence, Vol. II (SP 1888 XI, p. 419), p. 66.
66.
Select Committee on Alien Immigration, Vol. II, p. 85.
67.
Jewish Chronicle (1 April 1899), p. 19. By 1908, 'some of his closest friends were Jews.' Ibid. (17 January 1908), p. 16.
68.
Earl of Dudley, Hansard 4S (58) 270 (23 May 1898).
69.
Griffiths, quoted in Immigration and Race in British Politics, p. 67.
70.
In A.G. Bennett , Because They Know Not (London , 1959), p. 22, quoted by Ruth Glass , The Newcomers (Centre for Urban Studies, Allen and Unwin, 1960), p. 108.
71.
Jewish Chronicle (3 February 1899), p. 13.
72.
Royal Commission, Vol. II, p. 295.
73.
Jewish Chronicle (11 August 1899), p. 20.
74.
Ibid., (22 April 1887), p. 5.
75.
Ibid., (17 January 1902), p. 7.
76.
Quoted ibid. (17 February 1905), p. 12.
77.
Trades Union Congress Report (1955), p. 471.
78.
Cited General Council Report, ibid. (1955), p. 145. For the text of the original motion, see ibid., (1954), p. 527.
79.
General Council Report, ibid. (1955), p. 146.
80.
Ibid, (1958), p. 460.
81.
General Council Report, ibid. (1962), p. 215-6.
82.
General Council Report, ibid. (1965), p. 260.
83.
Royal Commission, Vol. II, p. 494.
84.
Report by Solomon van Amstell of the London Metropolitan Branch and a Dutch Jew, and adopted as the Union's official policy statement, Royal Commission , Vol. II, p. 415.
85.
Charles Rolleston , The New Liberal Review (March 1904), quoted Jewish Chronicle (11 March 1904 ), p. 15.
86.
Harry Lawson, Hansard 4S (145) 740 (2 May 1905).
87.
In fact, this merely reinforced Socialist opposition to aliens legislation, on the grounds of unequal treatment. Thus one writer sarcastically demanded why the anti-aliens did not bring legislation 'within the range of practical politics by proclaiming a crusade against poor Jews (not the money lenders, who are all honourable men) ...' The Commonweal (19 May 1888), p. 156.
88.
Colour and the British Electorate, p. 36; Immigration and Race and British Politics, p. 211.
89.
'... the difficulty of getting witnesses up before this Commission is very great. From the very first, when there was an agitation started in the East End to press upon Parliament that these aliens should be kept out, the Jewish press has always endeavoured to persuade its readers that this was an anti-Jewish, and not an anti-alien question.' A.T. Williams, Royal Commission, Vol. II, p. 105.
90.
Quoted in Jewish Chronicle (14 February 1902 ), p. 8.
