There is an abundant literature on African 'nationalism'. For political analysis using various definitions of nationalism, see Section VII of Pierre L. van den Berghe (ed.), Africa, Social Problems of Change and Conflict (San Francisco, Chandler, 1965). This work also contains a bibliography. See also Immanuel Wallerstein (ed.), Social Change, The Colonial Situation (New York, John Wiley, 1966).
2.
The social science literature on South Africa is abundant. An extensive and recent bibliography can be found in my book South Africa, A Study in Conflict (Middletown, Conn., Wesleyan University Press, 1965). Among other germane books on the subject are Gwendolen M. Carter, The Politics of Inequality ( New York, Praeger, 1958); C. W. de Kiewiet, A History of South Africa, Social and Economic (Oxford , Clarendon Press, 1941); Muriel Horrell, A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, (Johannesburg , South African Institute of Race Relations, 1951-2, continuing annually); Leo Kuper, An African Bourgeoisie (New Haven, Yale University Press , 1965); Leo Marquard, The Peoples and Policies of South Africa (London, Oxford University Press , 1962); Sheila Patterson, Colour and Culture in South Africa (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953); Sheila Patterson, The Last Trek (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957); Michael Roberts and A.E.G. Trollip, The South African Opposition, 1939-1945 (London, Longmans, 1947); and William Henry Vatcher, White Laager, The Rise of Afrikaner Nationalism (New York, Praeger, 1965).
3.
In this connection Vatcher makes a twofold error when he states, 'Afrikaner nationalism is the classic form of all the nationalisms that now flourish on the continent of Africa' (William Henry Vatcher, op. cit., p. ix). Afrikaner 'nationalism' is unlike most other African 'nationalisms' in that it does have both an ethnic and a racial basis. 4 The racial breakdown of the population is as follows: Whites or 'Europeans', 19.4%; Africans 68.2%; Indians 3.0%; and Coloureds, 9.4%. Of the whites, some 57% speak Afrikaans as their mother-tongue, 39 % English, and 4% other tongues, mostly German and Dutch. The 1951 Census classified 73 % of the whites as bilingual, but only 2 % habitually speak both languages at home. Of the Coloureds, 89% speak Afrikaans as their home language, and the remainder English; 46.5 % of the Coloureds are bilingual. The two largest language groups among Indians are Tamil and Hindi spoken by some 40% each; the remaining 20% speak Telugu, Urdu and Gujarati. In addition to those Indian languages, some 77 % of the Indians know English and 16% Afrikaans. Among Africans, 29 % speak Xhosa, 26 % Zulu, 22 % Sotho, 8 % Tswana, 5 % Tsonga, 3 % Swazi, 3 % Ndebele, 2 % Venda, and 2 % a sprinkling of other Bantu languages. In addition, 15 % speak English and 21 % Afrikaans.
4.
Afrikaans, originally a dialect of Dutch with indigenous and Malay admixtures, gained the status of a distinct written language in the nineteenth century.
5.
Leo Kuper has written a true to life satire of these bush colleges: The College Brew (Durban, privately printed, 1960 ).
