Jacques Barzun, The French Race (New York, Columbia , 1932), passim.
2.
Raymond Schwab, La Renaissance orientale (Paris, Payot, 1950), passim. For the term 'oriental renaissance' see Edgar Quinet, Le Génie des religions (Paris, 1841).
3.
Jacques Barzun, Romanticism and the Modern Ego (Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1944), pp. 76-7.
4.
Herbert Collins, 'The Fabulous Races' in E. T. Thompson and E. C. Hughes (eds.), Race: Individual and Collective Behavior (New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1965), pp. 238-243.
5.
Charles C. Gillispie, Genesis and Geology (New York, Harper, 1959), passim. Jean Rostand, 'The Development of Biology' in G. Métraux and F. Crouzet, The Nineteenth-Century World (New York, Mentor, 1963 ), pp. 177-192.
6.
William Stanton, The Leopard's Spots: Scientific Attitudes Toward Race in America, 1815-59 (Chicago, 1960), passim.
7.
Jacques Barzun, Darwin, Marx, Wagner (London, 1942), passim.
8.
Arthur de Gobineau, Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines (1st ed., 4 vols., Paris, Firmin Didot, 1853-5), vol. I, p. 1. This translation and those that follow are by the present author. Most of the first volume is available in an English translation by A. Collins (London, 1915). The same portion is available now in the French paperback edition published by Nouvel Office d'Edition (Paris, 1963).
9.
Essai, vol. I, p. 149.
10.
Ibid., pp. 30-1.
11.
Ibid., p. 39.
12.
Ibid., pp. 96-7.
13.
Ibid., p. 109.
14.
Ibid., p. 225.
15.
Ibid., p. 232.
16.
Ibid., p. 353.
17.
Robert E. Park , Race and Culture (London , Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), pp. 345-346.
18.
Essai, vol. I, p. 365.
19.
Ernest Seillière , Gobineau et l'aryanisme historique ( Paris, Plon, 1903), pp. 107 et seq., explains some of the complexity of Gobineau's view of French feudalism.
20.
Essai, vol. IV, p. 201.
21.
Ibid., pp. 316-7.
22.
Ibid., p. 359.
23.
Ibid., (Dedication), vol. I, pp. viii-ix.
24.
Ibid., vol. II, p. 219.
25.
Arnold Toynbee , A Study of History (London , O.U.P., 1934), vol. I, pp. 211 et seq.
26.
Robert F. Byrnes , Antisemitism in Modern France ( New Brunswick, 1950), vol. I, pp. 112-3, and passim.
27.
Hannah Aréndt , The Origins of Totalitarianism ( London, Allen & Unwin, Revised Edition, 1958), p. 174.
28.
Tocqueville to Gobineau, 17 November 1853, in M. Degros (ed.), Correspondance d'Alexis de Tocqueville et d'Arthur de Gobineau (Paris, Gallimard, 1959), p. 203.
29.
Essai, Foreword to the second edition (Paris, Firmin Didot, 2 vols, 1884), Vol. I, p. xi.
30.
Ruth Benedict , Race and Racism (London, 1942), p. 131.
31.
Adolf Hitler , Mein Kampf (London, Hutchinson's Illustrated Edition, no date), pp. 249, 251, 257.
