People's Daily , (P.D.) 14 December 1963 . Cf. Stuart Schram's Mao Tse-tung, Paris, Colin, 1963, p. 89.
2.
Cf. 'Peaceful co-existence—two diametrically opposed policies', in P.R. No. 51 of 1963. This attack on the Soviet interpretation of peaceful co-existence claims that Socialist countries must still promote the 'world proletarian revolution' and denounces Khrushchev for expecting the 'oppressed peoples' to wait until Soviet living standards outstrip those of the most developed capitalist countries.
3.
Translated in China News Analysis No. 501, from Kung-Ho T'ung Haün No. 17.
4.
Translated by Peking Review (P.R.) No. 51, 1963. The famous Chu-fan-Chih (correct translation: record of barbarian countries; the author is usually referred to as Chao Ju-kua) dealt with countries on the sea route to the Mediterranean, including Malay and Indian States, Madagascar and Zanzibar, and Somalia. Peking University has undertaken a programme of reprinting over forty such books on the history of China's relations with the outside world (Hsi-yang Fan-kuo Chih, Peking, August 1961).
5.
See T. Filesi's Le Relazioni della Cina con l'Africa nel Medio-Evo, Milan, 1962, reviewed in this issue.
6.
World Today, December 1963; 'China Irredenta: the South' by O. W. Wolters.
7.
Filesi.op. cit, p. 61.
8.
Ta T'ung Shu, translated by Laurence G. Thompson, London, 1958, p. 148.
9.
In a speech delivered at Yokohama on 28 November 1924 Sun Yat-sen said that foreign countries 'regarded China as a superior nation' and voluntarily became her dependencies; 'they felt it was an honour to pay tribute to China and not to pay it was a disgrace ...', Hankow People's Tribune, 3 April 1927.
10.
See Teng Hsiao-ping's article on the Great Unity etc., translated as a booklet by the Peking Foreign Language Press (F.L.P.) 1953, and the 'Great Unity of the Asian and African Peoples', P.R. No. 16, 1960.
11.
According to P.R. No. 49 of 1963 a 'mass movement of socialist education' is in train in China; 'it is a movement to re-educate man', and Mao has said that its success will bring prosperity and enable China to contribute more to the world revolution.
12.
'A Great Decade', P.R. No. 41, 1959
13.
Chen Po-ta, Notes on Mao Tse-tung's Report of an Investigation into the Peasant Movement in Hunan, F.L.P., 1954.
14.
The importance of 'rage' is mentioned by Sun Tzu, in his classic Art of War (6th century B.C.), a book much esteemed by Mao Tse-tung. (Translated by Griffith, Oxford University Press, 1963.)
15.
See Robert J. Lifton, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism, Gollancz. 1961, for a clinical study of the Maoist techniques of 'changing man'.
16.
See Chalmers A. Johnson, Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power, Stanford, 1963. Johnson underestimates the role of 'anti-feudalism' in this period; it was not hard to tar landlords with the Japanese brush since many really did collaborate in the hope of saving their property. On the tactic of provoking Japan see 'M. N. Roy's mission to China', California University Press, 1963, Document 35.
17.
On the importance of political education in Mao's success see Jack Belden's China Shakes the World, Gollancz, 1951, p. 344 ff.
18.
Cf. 'Distinction and link-up between two stages in China's Revolution', P.R. No. 3, 1961.
19.
'During its development a State of National Democracy naturally grows into a State of People's Socialist Democracy', Voprosi Filosofii No. 1, 1963.
20.
Chen Po-ta, Mao Tse-tung on the Chinese Revolution, F.L.P., 1953.
21.
Cominform Journal, 18 February 1956.
22.
8 February 1956.
23.
See articles by Li Wei-han, head of the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee, on the close links between the internal and international United Fronts and the importance of armed struggle for both: Red Flag Nos. 11 and 12, 1961, (U.S. Consulate-General in Hong Kong translations, SCMM 266 and 268).
24.
On the importance of such missions in International United Front work, see Herbert Passin's 'China's Cultural Diplomacy', published in China Quarterly, 1962.
25.
All-China Federation of Trade Unions, China Islamic Association and the Peking Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee.
26.
18 March 1959.
27.
31 March 1959.
28.
Ta Kung Pao, 15 July 1959.
29.
Trud, 15 September 1959—after the Tass communiqué dissociating the USSR from China's stand on the Indian border issue.
30.
The gist of these articles in PR No. 27, 1960 is that peaceful co-existence cannot apply to the third world, since colonialists have never abandoned a territory without fierce struggle, as in Algeria.
31.
2 May and 19 September 1960.
32.
New China News Agency (NCNA), 8 November 1960. The same point was made during Chou's visit to Algeria.
33.
19 May 1961.
34.
See People's Daily, 30 March 1962 (U.S. Cons. Gen. SCMP 2705, p. 23).
35.
16 April 1961.
36.
Afrika Schwarz oder Rot ? Soon to be published in English by the Library of International Studies, London.
37.
Sunday Telegraph, 3 July 1961.
38.
P.R. No. 39, 1963, p. 10.
39.
Ta Kung Pao, 26 November 1960.
40.
3 January 1961.
41.
Die Weltwoche, 11 November 1960.
42.
People's Daily, 25 November 1960.
43.
8 March 1962.
44.
See People's Daily editorial for 'Imperialism quit Africa Day', 1 December 1963 (English version in P.R. No. 49, 1963).
Turning points are a favourite concept in Mao's military thinking. He speaks of the wheel of counter-revolution and the wheel of revolution which his army 'pushed forward', thus marking the turning point from growth to extinction for Chiang's counter-revolutionary rule. (Selected Military Writings of Mao Tse-tung, Peking 1963 p. 344).
50.
This view was expressed by a Chinese delegate to a Sino-Soviet symposium on national liberation, an account of which was published in the Soviet International Affairs for March 1959.
51.
See Le Monde, 25 December 1963, Financial Times 30 December 1963 and Far Eastern Economic Review No. 58, 6 February 1964, p. 293. The Commerce du Levant (Beirut) of 4 January 1964 dealt with plans to expand China's trade with Morocco, which has already exported Berliet lorries to China.
52.
N.C.N.A., 23 December 1963 says over 10,000 volunteers had registered by last August.
53.
Revolution No. 6, October 1963.
54.
The take-over of the magazine, which was first published from Algiers as Révolution Africaine in February 1963 illustrates the confusion in the ranks introduced by China's presence. After visiting Peking last year the Director, Jaques M. Verges, was dismissed by Ben Bella, transferred his allegiance to Mao and his headquarters to Lausanne and then to Paris, where he publishes in English and French a magazine claiming 'to incorporate African Revolution', though the Algerians deny any connection. The Chinese have also recently begun to sponsor the circulation, in countries where they are setting up splinter Communist parties, of periodicals which almost exactly resemble those of the real Communist party but are slightly better produced. Revolution is a glossy master-piece of layout and illustration. In a recent English number (9) Verges commented on the Zanzibar revolution that 'In no former colony is any lasting solution conceivable without completely overturning social and economic structures'. Mohammed Babu is on his editorial board. The whole tone of the magazine suggests that not just Verwoerd, but practically all existing African leaders and frontiers must be swept away by guerillas.
55.
See Far Eastern Economic Review No. 48, 28 November 1963, p. 469 and N.C.N.A. 7 January 1964.
56.
Trotsky said that the Chinese revolution could not be 'stuffed into a bottle and sealed from above with a signet', as Stalin thought: Problems of the Chinese Revolution pp. 83-84.
