In the roll call of the Pan African movement, the name of Theophilus Scholes is virtually unknown. Yet this one-time Baptist missionary, who was born in Jamaica and served briefly in the Congo and on the Gold Coast, became a trenchant and influential critic of late nineteenth-century British imperialism. His attacks on the notions of `scientific racism' were similarly authoritative and his works were read and admired by leading black intellectuals and activists of the day, including Arthur Schomburg, Pixley Seme and W. E. B. Du Bois.
John Edward Bruce , `Dr Theophilus E. S. Scholes, MD', The Voice of the Negro (Vol. IV, March 1907), p. 114.
2.
Ibid.
3.
Patrick Bryan , `Black perspectives in late nineteenth centuryJamaica: the case of Theophilus E.S. Scholes', in Rupert Lewis and Patrick Bryan (eds), Garvey, His Work and Impact (Trenton, NJ , Africa World Press, 1991), p. 47.
4.
Scholes to Revd Murdock, 12 January 1889 ( Valley Forge, PA, American Baptist Historical Society ).
5.
Scholes to Revd Murdock, 14 May 1889 (Valley Forge, PA, American Baptist Historical Society).
6.
Bryan , `Black perspectives ', op. cit., p. 47.
7.
`An address to Revd Dr Theophilus Scholes', Daily Gleaner (2 August 1885), p. 1.
8.
Fernando Henriques, Family and Colour inJamaica (London, Eyre & Spottiswoode , 1953), pp. 148-9.
9.
Ronald Hyam , Britain's Imperial Century (London, Batsford, 1976), p. 152.
10.
Arvel B. Erickson , `Empire or anarchy: the Jamaican rebellion of 1865', Journal of Negro History (Vol. XLIV, 1959), p. 102.
11.
Ibid., p. 107.
12.
`An address to Revd Dr Theophilus Scholes', op. cit. There is some discrepancy in the dating of events in that Bruce indicates that Scholes left Jamaica in 1875 at the age of 19 and not 1873 at the age of 17. However, on his return to Jamaica in 1885, Scholes himself referred to his `12 years of residence abroad' (ibid.). Bruce is probably in error here, since this date is inconsistent with the rest of Bruce's account, which gives Scholes's time at sea and in Panama as `three years and some months' plus `some months' - so leaving Jamaica in 1875 would have made it impossible for him to arrive in England by 1878 (Bruce, op. cit.).
13.
Bruce , ` Dr Theophilus Scholes', op. cit., p. 114.
14.
Ibid.
15.
`An address to Revd Dr Theophilus Scholes', op. cit.
16.
Bryan , `Black perspectives ', op. cit., p. 52.
17.
H.G. Guinness , Not Unto Us: a record of 21 years' missionary service (London, Regions Beyond Missionary Union, 1903), p. 3.
18.
R.. Lotz and I. Pegg (eds), Under the Imperial Carpet: essays in black history (Crawley, Sussex, Rabbit Press, 1986), p. viiii.
19.
Bryan , `Black perspectives ', op. cit., p. 52.
20.
The Medical Register, 1889, shows Scholes's qualifications as Licentiate of both these royal colleges.
21.
`An address to Revd Dr Theophilus Scholes', op. cit.
22.
T.L. Johnson , Twenty-Eight Years a Slave ( Bournemouth, W. Mate & Sons Ltd, 1909), p.169.
23.
Ibid., p. 176.
24.
Ibid., pp. 180-1.
25.
Johnson , Twenty-Eight Years a Slave, op. cit., p. 177.
26.
`An address to Revd Dr Theophilus Scholes', op. cit.
27.
T.E.S. Scholes , Glimpses of the Ages Or the `Superior' and `Inferior' Races, So-called, Discussed in the Light of Science and History ( London, John Long, 1908), vol. 2, p. 274.
28.
Scholes to Revd Murdock, 11 June 1889 ( Valley Forge, PA, American Baptist Historical Society ).
29.
King Nemvika to ABMU, 15 October 1888 ( Valley Forge, PA, American Baptist Historical Society ).
30.
Scholes to Revd Murdock, 11 June 1889, op. cit.
31.
Scholes to Mirriam, 10 June 1890 (Valley Forge, PA, American Baptist Historical Society).
32.
Bruce , `Dr Theophilus Scholes ', op. cit., p. 114.
33.
African Institute Annual Report, 1894, p. 19.
34.
Scholes , Glimpses of the Ages, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 51.
35.
`The Congo Institute', The Weekly News and Visitors Chronicle (1 January, 1897).
36.
Ibid.
37.
Bruce , `Dr Theophilus Scholes ', op. cit., p. 114.
38.
T.E.S. Scholes , Sugar and the West Indies, (London, Elliot Stock and Kingston, Jamaica, A. W. Gardner & Co,1897).
39.
Bartholomew Smith(pseud.), Chamberlain and Chamberlainism: his fiscal proposal and colonial policy (London, John Long, 1903). p. 9.
40.
Ibid., p. 12.
41.
Theophilus E.S. Scholes , British Empire and Alliances or Britain's Duty to her Colonies and Subject Races (London, Elliot Stock, 1899), p. 369.
42.
Scholes , Glimpses of the Ages, op. cit., p. 333.
43.
V. Clinton , Black History of Jamaica (London, Longman Caribbean, 1991), p. 152.
44.
Scholes , Glimpses, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 264.
45.
As quoted in Scholes, British Empire, op. cit., p. 268.
46.
Scholes, Glimpses , op. cit., vol. 2, p. 198.
47.
Ibid., p. 485.
48.
Ibid., p. 484.
49.
Ibid., p. 269.
50.
Ibid., p. 300.
51.
Ibid., p. 312.
52.
Hyam , Britain's Imperial Century, op. cit., p. 202.
53.
Ibid., p. 203.
54.
Scholes , Glimpses of the Ages, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 224.
55.
Ibid., p. 226.
56.
Ibid.
57.
Immanuel Geiss , The Pan-African Movement: a history of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa (New York, Africana Publishing Company, 1974), p. 108.
58.
Scholes , Glimpses of the Ages, op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 179-88. Scholes gives details of Roman descriptions of Britons, Gauls and Germans from Julius Caesar and others.
59.
Ibid., pp. 192-3.
60.
Ibid., p. 208.
61.
Bruce , `Dr Theophilus Scholes ', op. cit., p. 114.
62.
Scholes , Glimpses of the Ages, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 177.
63.
New York Times Review (February 1906), p. 82.
64.
G. Spiller (ed.), Inter-Racial Problems (London, P. S. King & Son, 1911), p. 31.
65.
Geiss , Pan-African Movement , op. cit., p. 215.
66.
Scholes , Glimpses of the Ages, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 291.
67.
Geiss , Pan-African Movement , op. cit., p. 111.
68.
A.C. Hill and M. Kilson, Apropos of Africa: sentiments of Negro American leaders on Africa from the 1800s to the 1950s (London, Frank Cass, 1969), p. 298.
69.
Bruce , `Dr Theophilus Scholes ', op. cit., p. 115.
70.
Geiss , Pan-African Movement , op. cit., p. 110.
71.
See Peter Fryer , Staying Power: the history of black people in Britain, (London, Pluto Press, 1984), p. 345.
