Although Bristol's inner-city districts of St Paul's, St Jude's and Easton are currently the subject of urban regeneration, the underlying socio-economic inequalities facing the black, minority ethnic and poor white communities that live there have been ignored. The legacy of Bristol's leading role in the slave trade, the institutional racism that led to the St Paul's riot in 1980 and the domestic Islamophobia accompanying the ‘war on terror’ have resulted in distrust between local residents and the authorities that claim to be revitalising their areas.
N. Elias, The Civilizing Process (Oxford, Blackwell, 2000).
2.
The first outbreak of mass resistance was at Notting Hill carnival in 1976. Asian areas were also involved in the early 1980s, notably Southall in West London and Bradford.
3.
S. D. Reicher, ‘The St Paul's riot: an explanation of the limits of crowd action in terms of a social identity model’, European Journal of Social Psychology (Vol. 14, no. 1, 1984), pp. 1–21.
4.
K. Clark, Dark Ghetto (London, Victor Gollancz, 1965), p. 16-16.
5.
M. Dresser, Slavery Obscured: the social history of the slave trade in an English provincial port (London, Continuum, 2001).
6.
St Paul's Elders Group, ‘Many River to Cross’ DVD, Malcolm X Centre, Bristol, 2004.
7.
M. Dresser, Black and White on the Buses: the 1963 colour bar dispute in Bristol (Bristol, Bristol Broadsides, 1986).
8.
J. Lovering, Bridging the Gap: skills, training and barriers to employment in Bristol (School for Advanced Urban Studies, Bristol University, 1991).
9.
L. Wacquant, ‘Decivilizing and demonizing: social and symbolic remaking of the black ghetto and Elias in the dark ghetto’ in S. Loyal and S. Quilley (eds) The Sociology of Norbert Elias (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004).
10.
End Child Poverty Campaign, ‘End child poverty once and for all’, press release for South West Roadshow, Bristol, February 2005.
11.
M. Davis, Magical Urbanism (London, Verso, 1999).
12.
Minutes of Bristol City Council planning approval meeting, council chamber, December 2002.
13.
D. Wilkes, ‘£500m shopping centre to be renamed over “slave” link’, Daily Mail, 20 April 2006.
14.
A. Sivanandan, ‘Attacks on multicultural Britain pave the way for enforced assimilation’, Guardian (13 September 2006).
