1 See D. Garland , The Culture of Control: crime and social order in contemporary society ( Oxford, Oxford University Press , 2001), pp. 124–127.
2.
2 D. Blunkett , ‘Security and justice, mutuality and individual rights’ ( London, Home Of.ce , 2003) http://homeof.ce.gov.uk/docs/johnjayspeech.html.
3.
3 P. Anderson and N. Mann , Safety First: the making of New Labour ( London, Granta Books , 1997), p. 23-23.
4.
4 A. Etzioni , The Spirit of Community: rights, responsibilities and the communitarian agenda ( London, Fontana Press , 1995), p. 249-249.
5.
5 A. Crawford , Crime Prevention and Community Safety: politics, policies and practices ( London, Longman , 1998), pp. 155–160; T. Hall and D. Whyte, ‘At the margins of provision: domestic violence, policing and community safety’, Party and Politics (Vol. 31, no. 1, 2003), p. 6-6.
6.
6 P. Gilroy , There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack: the cultural politics of race and nation ( London, Routledge , 1987), p. 38-38.
7.
7 M. Sharpe , ‘Bradford the war zone’, Sun (9 July 2001), p. 4-4.
8.
8 ‘Religious schools haven’t a prayer’, Daily Mirror (2001) http://www.mirror.co.uk.
9.
9 For an analysis of this point, see A. Kundnani , ‘In a foreign land: the new popular racism’ , Race & Class (Vol. 43, no. 2, 2002), pp. 48–49 .
10.
10 S. Cohen , Folk Devils and Moral Panics: the creation of the mods and rockers ( London, MacGibbon and Kee , 1972), pp. 9–10.
11.
11 C. Webster , ‘The construction of British Asian criminality’ , International Journal of the Sociology of Law (Vol. 25, 1997).
12.
12 Ibid., p. 72-72.
13.
13 A. Clancy et al., ‘Ethnic minorities’ experience of crime and policing: .ndings from the 2000 British Crime Survey’ ( London, Home Of.ce Findings , No. 146, 2001), p. 2-2.
14.
14 L. Bridges , ‘Race, law and the state’ , Race & Class (Vol. 43, no. 2, 2002), p. 73-73 .
15.
15 Race and the Criminal Justice System ( London, Home Of.ce , 2002), p. 7-7.
16.
16 V. Hollis and M. Goodman , Prison Population Brief ( London, Home Of.ce , December 2002), p. 18-18.
17.
17 It is necessary here to note that while rates of imprisonment vary between particular ‘Asian groups’, it is of fundamental importance to avoid sterilising this debate through overlooking the other socio-demographic factors that in.uence the processes of incarceration. See C. Phillips and B. Bowling , ‘Racism, ethnicity and criminology’ , British Journal of Criminology (Vol. 43, no. 2, 2003), pp. 269–290 .
18.
18 J. Goodey , ‘The criminalisation of British Asian youth: research from Bradford and Shef.eld’ , Journal of Youth Studies (Vol. 4, no. 4, 2001), pp. 433–434 .
19.
19 Sharpe , ‘Bradford the war zone’, op. cit.
20.
20 Webster , ‘The construction of British Asian criminality’, op. cit., p. 77-77.
21.
21 A number of accounts are emerging that discuss the northern uprisings in the context of opposition to racist invasion and the consolidation this received through the processes of political activity. For example, see M. Jan-Khan , ‘The right to riot?’ , Community Development Journal (Vol. 38, no. 1, 2003).
22.
22 Indeed, there are signs that these perceptions have begun to permeate formal police practice. See, for example, ‘Police target Asian crime “from within”’, BBC News (7 February 2003) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2735699.stm.
23.
23 Sharpe , ‘Bradford the war zone’, op. cit.
24.
24 A. Kundnani , ‘An unholy alliance? Racism, religion and communalism’, Institute of Race Relations (2002) http://www.irr.org.uk.
25.
25 ‘Riot report a “missed opportunity”’, BBC News (7 July 2002) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2107960.stm.
26.
26 One such example occurred in the town of Scunthorpe in North Lincolnshire. See I. London , ‘Race gang violence’, Scunthorpe Evening Telegraph (16 September 2002), p. 1-1.
27.
27 Although certain reports were administered and researched independently, they were utilised under the remit of the Home Of.ce agenda on community cohesion. As I show, this is an important parallel for understanding the extension of the role of the state in this context.
28.
28 Community Cohesion: a report of the independent review team. Chaired by Ted Cantle ( London, Home Of.ce , 2001).
29.
29 For a concise and critical overview of the New Labour of.cial response to the northern uprisings, see ‘Community cohesion... Blunkett’s new race doctrine’, CARF (No. 66, February/March 2002), pp. 3–6 .
30.
30 J. Denham , ‘Speech given by Home Of.ce Minister John Denham to the Industrial Society and the Runnymede Trust’ ( London, Home Of.ce , 18 March 2002).
31.
31 Building Cohesive Communities: a report of the ministerial group on public order and community cohesion ( London, Home Of.ce , 2001), para. 2.18-2.18.
32.
32 See, for example, J. Young , The Exclusive Society: social exclusion, crime and difference in late modernity ( London, Sage , 1999); J. Sim, P. Scraton and P. Gordon, ‘Introduction: crime, the state and critical analysis’, in P. Scraton, Law, Order and the Authoritarian State: readings in critical criminology (Milton Keynes, Open University Press, 1987).
33.
33 H. Khan , ‘Muslims see no cohesion in this report’, Guardian (5 July 2002).
34.
34 V. S. Kalra , ‘Riots, race and reports: Denham, Cantle, Oldham and Burnley inquiries’ , Sage Race Relations Abstracts (Vol. 27, no. 4, 2002), p. 27-27 .
35.
35 B. Bowling and C. Phillips , Racism, Crime and Justice ( London, Longman , 2002), pp. 155–161.
36.
36 A. Kundnani , ‘From Oldham to Bradford: the violence of the violated’ , Race & Class (Vol. 43, no. 2, 2002), pp. 106–108 .
37.
37 N. Grif.n , ‘The BNP: anti-asylum protest, racist sect or power-winning movement?’ ( British National Party , 2003) http://www.bnp.org.uk/articles/race_reality.htm. The reference here is to one particularly forceful article written by Nick Grif.n. There are many others.
38.
38 Community Cohesion: a report of the independent review team. Chaired by Ted Cantle, op. cit., para. 5.1.15.
39.
39 M. Wainwright , ‘Oldham 12 plead guilty to affray’, Guardian (9 May 2003) http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article.
40.
40 ‘Immigrants “to take citizen classes” ’, BBC News (26 October 2001) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1620900.stm.
41.
41 Kundnani , ‘In a foreign land: the new popular racism’, op. cit.
42.
42 This is not a new phenomenon; see S. Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: mugging, the state and law and order ( London, Macmillan , 1978).
43.
43 For example, see J. Dobson et al., International Migration and the United Kingdom: recent patterns and trends ( London , Home Of.ce RDS Occasional Paper No. 75, 2001), pp. 1–7.
44.
44 Ibid., pp. 199–222.
45.
45 J. Kempton et al., Migrants in the UK: their characteristics and labour market outcomes and impacts ( London , Home Of.ce RDS Occasional Paper No. 82, 2002), p. 5-5.
46.
46 A. Sivanandan , Communities of Resistance: writings on black struggles for socialism ( London, Verso , 1990), pp. 25–29.
47.
47 For an analysis of this concept, see L. Fekete , ‘The emergence of xeno-racism’ , Race & Class (Vol. 43, no. 2, 2002), pp. 23–40 .
48.
48 K. Ahmed , ‘Immigrants “behind crime wave” ’, Observer (18 May 2003) http://www.observer.co.uk/politics/story/0,6903,958380,00.html.
49.
49 Building Cohesive Communities: a report of the ministerial group on public order and community cohesion, op. cit., p. 12-12.
50.
50 A. Sivanandan , ‘Poverty is the new Black’ , Race & Class (Vol. 43, no. 2, 2002), pp. 1–5 .
51.
51 Ibid., p. 5-5.
52.
52 J. Flint , ‘Return of the governors: citizenship and the governance of neighbourhood disorder in the UK’ , Citizenship Studies (Vol. 6, no. 3, 2002), p. 245-245 .
53.
53 N. Rose , ‘Government and control’ , British Journal of Criminology (Vol. 40, 2000), p. 323-323 .
54.
54 D. Blunkett , Respect and Responsibility – Taking a Stand against Anti-Social Behaviour ( London , Home Of.ce White Paper, March 2003), ministerial foreword.
55.
55 Ibid., ‘Introduction’.
56.
56 Leader , ‘Bluntly Blunkett: put an end to offensive populism’, Guardian (7 September 2002).
57.
57 D. Blunkett , ‘What does citizenship mean today?’, Observer (15 September 2002).
