1 EU presidency conclusions at the Seville European Council 21–2 June 2002, see Statewatch http://www.statewatch.org/
2.
2 Cited in Atlantico Canarios (24 November 2002).
3.
3 See José Palafox , ‘ Militarising the border ’, Covert Action (Spring 1996, No. 56) for information on the US-Mexico border. Although Australia is the model for maritime methods of border control, the US was the first western nation to intercept refugees at sea by turning back Haitian asylum seekers in small boats. The legality of the action was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1993, although international lawyers and the UNHCR condemned it as a violation of the obligation to ensure that refugees are not returned to persecution.
4.
4 Except where otherwise stated, the source material for this article is to be found in ‘ From refugee protection to managed migration ’, European Race Bulletin (Nos 43 and 44, 2003).
5.
5 Migration News Sheet (June 2003).
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6 El Pais (5 December 2003).
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7 See Liz Fekete , ‘ Death at the border: who is to blame? ’, European Race Bulletin (No. 44, 2003), p. 11 .
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8 The United Association of Civil Guards has hit back at criticism of its failures by attacking the deficiencies of SIVE. It argues that ‘ while the public authorities have invested in a sophisticated detection system, they should be consistent and increase the human resources and materials so that the SIVE... in addition to making the coast impenetrable, would save lives ’ (Europa Sur Digital, 9 September 2003).
