1 Harman Murtagh, `Irish soldiers abroad, 1600—1800', in Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery(eds), A Military History of Ireland ( Cambridge, Cambridge University Press , 1996), pp. 295-305.
2.
2 Janet Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: a military history of England, Scotland, and Ireland ( Oxford, Oxford University Press , 1998), p. 132.
3.
3 Nicholas Canny, `England's new world and the old, 1480s—1630s', in N. Canny (ed.), The Origins of Empire: British overseas enterprise to the close of the seventeenth century ( Oxford, Oxford University Press , 1998), p. 13.
4.
4 Maldwyn A. Jones, `Ulster emigration, 1783—1815', in E. R. R. Green (ed.), Essays in Scotch-Irish History ( London, Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1969), p. 49.
5.
5 E. Estyn Evans, `The Scotch-Irish: their cultural adaptation and heritage in the American Old West', in Green, op. cit., p. 75.
6.
6 James Oakes, The Ruling Race: a history of American slaveholders ( New York, Vintage Books , 1983), p. 15.
7.
7 Rory Fitzpatrick, God's Frontiersmen: the Scots-Irish epic ( London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 1989), p. 73.
8.
8 Ibid., pp. 154 and 156.
9.
9 Oakes, op. cit., p. 42.
10.
10 Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black: American attitudes toward the Negro, 1550— 1812 ( New York, W. W. Norton , 1977), p. 87.
11.
11 Sean O'Callaghan, To Hell or Barbados: the ethnic cleansing of Ireland ( Dingle, Brandon , 2000).
12.
12 A. Leon Higginbotham, In the Matter of Color: race and the American legal process ( New York, Oxford University Press , 1978), p. 34.
13.
13 Ibid., p. 160.
14.
14 Hilary Beckles, `A “riotous and unrulylot”: Irish indentured servants and freemen in the English West Indies 1644—1713', William and Mary Quarterly (Vol. 47, 1990), pp. 503-522.
15.
15 Higginbotham, op. cit., p. 158.
16.
16 Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, American Negro Slavery ( Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press , 1966, originally published 1918), p. 246.
17.
17 Ibid., p. 301.
18.
18 Frederick Law Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom: a traveller's observations on cotton and slavery in the American slave states ( New York, Alfred A. Knopf , 1953), p. 70.
19.
19 Ibid., p. 215.
20.
20 Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm so Long: the aftermath of slavery ( New York, Alfred A. Knopf , 1980), p. 353.
21.
21 Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American folk thought from slavery to freedom ( New York, Oxford University Press , 1977), p. 300.
22.
22 Philip S. Foner, History of Black Americans: from Africa to the emergence of the cotton kingdom ( Westport, CT, Greenwood Press , 1975), p. 503.
23.
23 Litwack, op. cit., p. 166.
24.
24 Carl Wittke, The Irish in America ( New York, Russell and Russell , 1970), p. 125.
25.
25 Seamus MacCall, Irish Mitchel: a biography ( London, Nelson , 1938), p. 337.
26.
26 Wittke, op. cit., p. 129.
27.
27 Litwack, op. cit., p. 71.
28.
28 William V. Shannon, The American Irish: a political and social portrait ( Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press , 1974), p. 56.
29.
29 Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White ( New York, Routledge , 1995), p. 41.
30.
30 Ibid., p. 69.
31.
31 Ibid., p. 108.
32.
32 Ibid., p. 112.
33.
33 Philip S. Foner, History of Black Americans: from the emergence of the cotton kingdom to the eve of the compromise of 1850 ( Westport, CT, Greenwood Press , 1983), p. 214.
34.
34 Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass ( New York, Collier Books , 1962, originally published 1892), p. 546.
35.
35 Quoted in Philip Foner and Robert Brahnam (eds), Lift Every Voice: African American oratory, 1787—1900 ( Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press , 1998), p. 395.
36.
36 Philip S. Foner and George E. Walker (eds), Proceedings of the Black State Conventions, 1840—1865, volume 2 (Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press, 1980), p. 178 .
37.
37 Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: rebel sojourner in the Harlem renaissance ( Baton Rouge and London, Louisiana State University Press , 1987).
38.
38 Robert A. Hill (ed.), The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, vol. 1: 1826—August 1919 ( Berkeley, University of California Press , 1983), p. lxxii.
39.
39 Ibid., p. lxxiii.
40.
40 Ibid., p. lxxviii.
41.
41 Ibid., p. lxxix.
42.
42 Ibid., p. lxxvii.
43.
43 John Mitchel, Jail Journal ( Dublin , 1913), pp. xiii-xiv .
44.
44 George Chambers, Faces of Change: the Belfast and Northern Ireland chambers of commerce and industry 1783—1983 ( Belfast, Northern Ireland Chamber of Commerce and Industry , 1983), pp. 35-48.
45.
45 E. R. R. Green, `Ulster emigrants' letters', in Green, op. cit., pp. 87—103.
46.
46 Fitzpatrick, op cit., p. 68.
47.
47 William O'Brien and Desmond Ryan, Devoy's Post Bag ( Dublin, Academy Press , 1979), p. 410.
48.
48 These and other examples are taken from Bill Rolston and Michael Shannon, Encounters: how racism came to Ireland ( Belfast, Beyond the Pale Publications , 2002).
