1 H. Tauxier, `Les deux rédactions du Périple d'Hannon' , Revue africaine (Vol. XXVI, 1882), p. 16 .
2.
R. Sénac, `Le périple du Carthaginois Hannon' , Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé (4ème sér. XXV, 1966), pp. 510-538 .
3.
3 Gabriel Germain, `Qu'est-ce que le Périple d'Hannon? Document, amplification littéraire ou faux intégral?' , Hespéris (Vol. XLIV, 1957), pp. 205-248 .
4.
4 Jerker Blomqvist, The date and origin of the Greek version of Hanno's Periplus ( Lund, CWK Gleerup , 1979; Scripta minora 1979-1980, 3), pp. 5-6.
5.
5 The Phoenician original perhaps had `thirty clans' or `thirty large families', using a rare word which the Greek translator took to mean `thousands'; cf. Stanislav Segert, `Phoenician background of Hanno's Periplus', Mélanges Offerts à M. Maurice Dunand (Beirut, Imprimerie Catholique; Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph, XLV, 1969), p. 510.
6.
6 Aubrey Diller, The Tradition of the Minor Greek Geographers ([ Middletown, CT], American Philological Association , 1952; Philological monographs published by the APA, xiv), p. 101.
7.
7 Blomqvist, op. cit., pp. 50-1, 53.
8.
8 Blomqvist, op. cit., p. 14; cf. Jacques Ramin, Le Périple d'Hannon: the Periplus of Hannon (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, 1976; B.A.R Supplementary ser. 3), p. 120. Some English translations of this document, like the first (Thomas Falconer, The Voyage of Hanno Translated, and Accompanied with the Greek Text, T. Cadell Jun. & Davies, 1797, p. 13), have `pipes' instead of `flutes'. In Sénac, loc. cit., p. 526, these instruments become `trompettes' and there are no drums. The latter absurdly become `tambourines' in Gilbert and Colette Charles-Picard, Daily Life in Carthage at the Time of Hannibal, trans. A. E. Foster (London, Allen & Unwin, 1961), p. 227. The French original, G. and C. Charles-Picard, La Vie Quotidienne à Carthage du Temps d'Hannibal (Paris, [Hachette], 1958), p. 230, has `tambourins', which can mean either drums or tambourines without jingles; the Greek [ILLEGIBLE] means only drums - and the same error is made in Gilbert Picard, Carthage, trans. Miriam and Lionel Kochan (London, Elek Books, 1964), p. 90. The sound of drums is referred to as `a din of tom-toms' in M. Cary and E. H. Warmington, The Ancient Explorers (Methuen, 1929), p. 50. This quaint expression is cheerfully copied by Walter Woodburn Hyde, Ancient Greek Mariners (New York, Oxford University Press, 1947), p. 144, who calls the document `the earliest account of the beating of African tom-toms and their accompaniment of a native festival', and by Lionel Casson, The Ancient Mariners: seafarers and sea fighters of the Mediterranean in ancient times (London, Gollancz, 1959), p. 135.
9.
9 J.G. Demerliac and J. Meirat, Hannon et l'Empire Punique ( Paris, Les Belles Lettres , 1983), p. 134.
10.
10 Cf. J. H. Kwabena Nketia, The Music of Africa ( Gollancz , 1975), pp. 92-94.
11.
11 African Flutes (Folkways FE 4230), side B.
12.
12 Music of the Dagomba from Ghana (Folkways FE 4324), side B, track 3.
13.
13 Nigeria: Musiques du Plateau (Ocora OCR 82), side A, track 6.
14.
14 Music of the Cameroons (Folkways FE 4372), side A, track 1.
15.
15 Alan Merriam, African Music in Perspective ( New York & London, Garland , 1982), p. 62.
16.
16 Royal songs (ncyeem ingesh) sung by the king's wives (nyimi), Musiques de l'Ancien Royaume Kuba (Ocora OCR 61), side A, tracks 1 and 2 (Bushoong, Congo-Kinshasa).
17.
17 [Raymond Mauny], `Trans-Saharan contacts and the iron age in West Africa', trans. J. D. Fage, in The Cambridge History of Africa, II, ed. Fage (Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 298. Blomqvist (op. cit., p. 8), on the other hand, believes that its `tone and style... inspire confidence'.
18.
18 Frank M. Snowden Jr, Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman experience ( Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press , 1970), p. 106.
19.
19 Demerliac and Meirat, op. cit., pp. 134-5.
20.
20 Carl Kaeppel, Off the Beaten Track in the Classics ( Melbourne, Melbourne University Press , 1936), p. 49.
21.
21 Kaeppel, who supports this view (op. cit., p. 50), also identifies the `Chariot of the Gods' as Kakulima, in Sangarea Bay, Guinea-Conakry.
22.
22 Blomqvist, op. cit., pp. 62-3. The Periplus here contains the first known use of the word `gorilla' ([ILLEGIBLE], in the accusative plural), which the American missionary and naturalist Dr Thomas S. Savage would adopt in 1847 as the specific name of Troglodytes gorilla.
23.
23 G. and C. Charles-Picard, Daily Life in Carthage, op. cit., p. 154.
