1 Britten Dean, China and Great Britain: the diplomacy of commercial relations, 1860–1864 (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 21-21.
2.
2 John K. Fairbanks, ‘The creation of the treaty system’, in John K. Fairbanks (ed.), The Cambridge History of China (London, Cambridge University Press, 1992), vol. 10, pt 1, p. 213-213.
3.
3 Most recently, the prestigious Oxford History of the British Empire: the nineteenth century, edited by Andrew Porter (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999), scandalously neglects the opium trade and its importance for the British empire. Two recent books demonstrating that importance are J. Y. Wong, Deadly Embrace: opium and the Arrow War in China (London, Cambridge University Press, 1998) and Carl A. Trocki, Opium, Empire and Global Political Economy (London, Routledge, 1999).
4.
4 Augustus F. Lindley, Ti-ping Tien Kwoh: the history of the Ti-ping revolution (London, Day and Son, 1866). Lindley’s two volumes were republished in a one-volume facsimile edition by Praeger in New York in 1970.
5.
5 For the history of the Taiping movement, see, in particular, Franz Michael, The Taiping Revolution 3 vols (Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1972); Jen Yu-Wen, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1973); and Vincent Y. Shih, The Taiping Ideology (Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1967). For a recent biography of Hong Xiuquan, see Jonathan Spence, God’s Chinese Son (London, HarperCollins, 1996).
6.
6 Jean Chesneaux, Marianne Bastid and Marie-Claire Bergere, China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution (New York, Pantheon Books, 1977).
7.
7 Thomas Taylor Meadows, The Chinese and their Rebellions (Shannon, Irish University Press, 1972), facsimile reprint, pp. 457-458.
8.
8 For Taiping land reform, see Michael, op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 309-20.
9.
9 Yu-Wen, op. cit., p. 150.
10.
10 Shih, op. cit., pp. 60-2.
11.
11 Fan Hong, Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom (London, Frank Cass, 1997), p. 30-30.
12.
12 J. Y. Wong, Yeh Ming-chien (London, Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 66-66.
13.
13 John Scarth, Twelve Years in China (Edinburgh, Thomas Constable, 1890), pp. 226-227, 232-232.
14.
14 For a far too sympathetic account of Bowring, see George Bartle, An Old Radical and His Brood (London, Janus Publishing, 1994). In modern terms, Bowring was the advocate of an ‘ethical’ opium policy, which, like Robin Cook’s foreign policy, was the same as the old one but camouflaged with hypocrisy. For the Bowring-Ye alliance, see S. Y. Teng, The Taiping Rebellion and the Western Powers (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 239.
15.
15 Collection of duties on behalf of the Manchus was under British control in Shanghai. According to one account, this ‘was to prove one of the main pillars of continued Manchu rule in China, for it ensured to the Imperial government a dependable and growing revenue and it helped provide the finances for the campaign that eventually defeated the Taiping rebellion’. (J. S. Gregory, Great Britain and the Taipings (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), p. 26-26.)
18 For Li’s letter to the western powers, see ibid. pp. 281-4. See also C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: the deposition of Li Hsiu-Ch’eng (London, Cambridge University Press, 1977).
19.
19 There are a number of studies of the Ever Victorious Army, but see in particular Andrew Wilson, The Ever Victorious Army (Edinburgh, William Blackwood, 1868) for a contemporary account and, for a modern account, see Richard J. Smith, Mercenaries and Mandarins (New York, KTO Press, 1978).
20.
20 For a recent biography of Gordon by a former inspector-general of the CIA, see John H. Waller, Gordon of Khartoum (New York, Athenium1988).
21.
21 A heavy matchlock firearm, with a barrel up to ten feet long.
22.
22 Lindley, op. cit., pp. 452-3, 609-12.
23.
23 Wilson, op. cit., pp. 155-6.
24.
24 Lindley, op. cit., p. 607.
25.
25 Ibid., pp. 614-7, 724-5, 759.
26.
26 Samuel Mossman, General Gordon’s Private Diary of his Exploits in China (London, Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1885), p. 229-229. For Lindley’s account of the seizure of the Firefly, see Lindley, op. cit., pp. 658-61.
