Antiracist Activism in Ecuador: Black-Indian Community Alliances

1 Rodolfo Oviedo Monge , ‘Are we or aren’t we?’, NACLA Report on the Americas (Vol. 25, no. 4, February 1992), p. 19-19.

2 Stefano Varese , ‘Think locally, act globally’, NACLA Report on the Americas (Vol. 25, no. 3, December 1991), pp. 13–17.

3 See Norman Whitten and Arlene Torres , ‘Blackness in the Americas’, NACLA Report on the Americas (Vol. 25, no. 4, February 1992); Peter Wade, Blackness and Race Mixture: the dynamics of racial identity in Colombia (Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993); France Winddance Twine, Racism in a Racial Democracy: the maintenance of white supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick, NJ and London, Rutgers University Press, 1998); Winthrop Wright, Cafe  con Leche: race, class and national image in Venezuela (Austin, University of Texas Press, 1990); and Aline Helg, Our Rightful Share: the Afro-Cuban struggle for equality, 1886–1912 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1995).

4 See David W. Schodt , Ecuador: an Andean enigma (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1987); and CIA World Factbook, 1998.

5 See Schodt, ibid.; David Corkill and David Cubitt, Ecuador, Fragile Democracy (London, Latin America Bureau, 1998); Stefano Varese, op. cit., and CIA World Factbook, ibid.

6 See Sarah Radcliffe and Sallie Westwood , Remaking the Nation: place, identity and politics in Latin America (London, Routledge, 1996).

7 See Norman Whitten , ‘Creativity in Ecuador’, in Norman E. Whitten and Arlene Torres (eds), Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean: social dynamics and cultural transformations (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1998), p. 195-195.

8 Norman E. Whitten , ‘The Ecuadorian Levantiamento Indõgena of 1990 and the epitomizing symbol of 1992’, in J. D. Hill (ed.), History, Power and Identity: ethnogenesis in the Americas 1492–1992 (Iowa, University of Iowa Press, 1996).

9 Norman Whitten and Diego Quiroga , ‘Ecuador’, in Minority Rights Group, No Longer Invisible: Afro-Latin Americans today (London, Minority Rights Publications, 1995).

10 Ibid.

11 http://www.explored.hoy.net:80/infodat/datos/1999/04/DE%20BOSTON%20A%20 QUININDE.TXT 'De Boston a Quininde', copied from El Diaro Hoy (18 April 1998), 6A.

12 See http://www.elcomercio.com/politica/politica.html#esmeraldas 'Eloy Alfaro: crissi polõtica y falta de servicios basicos', El Comercio Online (6 May 1999).

13 See Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez , ‘Introduction: theory and protest in Latin America today’, in Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez (eds), The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: identity, strategy and democracy (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1992) and Peter Wade, Race and Ethnicity in Latin America (London, Pluto Press, 1995), p. 96-96.

14 Nina Pacari , ‘Taking on the neoliberal agenda’, NACLA Report on the Americas (Vol. 29, no. 5, March/April 1996).

15 See ibid.

16 See Norman Whitten, ‘The Ecuadorian Levantamiento …’, op. cit.

17 See Pacari, op. cit., p. 25.

18 See Whitten, ‘The Ecuadorian Levantiamento …’, op. cit., p. 206.

19 Ruminaui was an indigenous leader who fought against the Spanish; Eloy Alfaro was one of the most influential Ecuadorian presidents, most notably responsible for separating Church and State in the late nineteenth century.

20 Whitten, ‘The Ecuadorian Levantiamento …’, op. cit., p. 208.

21 See Constitucion Polõtica de la Republica de Ecuador, 1984. Article 1.

22 See ibid., Chapter 4, Seventh Section, Article 62.

23 See Wade, Race and Ethnicity …, op. cit., p. 37.

24 Ibid., p. 36.

25 See Laura McDonald , ‘A mixed blessing: the NGO boom in Latin America’, NACLA Report on the Americas (Vol. 28, no. 5, March/April 1995), p. 30-30.

26 See ibid. and Carrie Meyer, ‘Environment NGOS in Ecuador’, Journal of Developing Areas (Vol. 27, no. 2, January 1993), pp. 191–210.

27 See Meyer, ibid.