1 ‘Jungmann veã‘bofetada’ em brasileiros’ Folha de Saäo Paulo (19 November 1999).
2.
2 Jornal do Brasil (14 February 1997).
3.
3 A economia brasileira em gra Âficos, Instituto Brasileiro de Economia da Fundacë ao Getulio Vargas, 1996, cited in Cesar Benjamin (et al.) A Opcëa Äo Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro, Contraponto, 1998), p. 184.
4.
4 Source: Instituto Nacional de Colonizacë ao e Reforma Agraria, Evolucëa Âria, 1992.
5.
5 http://www.mstbrazil.org/
6.
6 Ministerio da Politica Fundiaria e do Desenvolvimento Agraria, Instituto Nacional de Colonizacë ao e Reforma Agraria, Balancëo1999: Reforma Agra Estrutura Fundia Familiar (Brasõlia, December 1999), p. 16. Äoda Âria e Agricultura
7.
7 Figures vary but estimates suggest that at the time of colonisation there were between three and six million native inhabitants, a figure now reduced to around 250,000. Not surprisingly, Indian celebrations of Brazil’s five-hundredth anniversary have been somewhat muted, with references being made to ‘500 years of shame’.
8.
8 Jose de Souza Martins, Os Camponeses e a PolõÂtica no Brasil (Petropolis, Vozes, 1995), p. 42, my translation.
9.
9 In 1940, only 26 per cent of the Brazilian population of 41,326,000 was urban. By 1991, the figure had almost trebled to 77.13 per cent in a population which had more than trebled to 150,400,000. (Source: Milton Santos, A Urbanizacëa Äo Brasileira (Sao Paulo, Hucitec, 1993), cited in Cesar Benjamin (et al.) A Opcëa Äo Brasileira, op. cit., p. 188.)
10.
10 Joao P Stedile cited in J. P. Stedile and Bernardo Mancë ano Fernandes, Brava Gente: a trajeto Âria do MST e a luta pela terra no Brasil (Sao Paulo, Fundacë ao Perseu Abramo, 1999), p. 17.
11.
11 Author’s interview with Frei Sergio Gorgen, Porto Alegre, 24 June 1997.
12.
12 Bernardo Mancë ano Fernandes, Contribuicëa Äo ao Estudo do Campesinato Brasileiro: Formacëa Äo e Territorializacëaäo do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra–MST, 1979–1999 (Universidade de Sao Paulo, unpublished doctoral thesis, 1999), p. 258.
13.
13 Comissao Pastoral da Terra, Conflito no Campo: Brasil 98 (Goiania, CPT, 1999).
14.
14 The Central Unica dos Trabalhadores (CUT), Workers’ Central and the National Confederation of Workers in Agriculture (Confederacë ao Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura, CONTAG) are other notable exceptions.
15.
15 ‘Governo inicia ofensive contra MST’, Jornal do Brasil (14 February 1997).
16.
16 His exact words were that the MST is in the ‘contra ma Äo da histo Âria’–the reverse lane of history.
17.
17 Cited in James Petras, ‘The New Revolutionary Peasantry: the growth of peasantled opposition to neoliberalism’, Z Magazine, http://www.lbbs.org/zmag/articles/petrasoct98.htm
18.
18 False documents are drawn up, purporting to prove ownership of land in, for example, a rainforest area inhabited by indigenous Indians. In a process known as grilagem, the documents are locked in a drawer with some grilos (crickets). When the crickets die, they excrete a liquid which artificially ‘ages’ the documents. Such false titles can then be produced to a judge and ownership registered. In practice, these documents frequently act as a licence to kill, since previous land occupants who had not registered their claims would be evicted by force. Also, the false deeds could be sold on to third parties and plots subdivided.
19.
19 Stedile has suggested that, out of approximately 1,200 deaths in the last twelve years, fewer than fifty were of MST militants and that even here the number was inflated by massacres like that at Eldorado dos Carajas.
20.
20 Bernardo Mancë ano Fernandes, Contribuicëa Formacëa Äo ao Estudo do Campesinato Brasileiro: Äo e Territorializacëaäo do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra-MST, 1979-1999, op. cit., p. 276. Note that a brief English language summary of his work is given by the SEJUP, a very useful free service that 'specialises in preparing news and reports in English about Brazilian human rights and social issues'. http://www.oneworld.org/sejup/382.htm
21.
21 Cf. Jose Graziano da Silva, A Nova Dina Ãmica da Agricultura Brasileira (Campinas, UNICAMP, 1996).
22.
22 In Stedile and Fernandes, op. cit., pp. 161–2.
23.
23 State Deputy Dionilson Marcon, interview with author, Porto Alegre, 17 June 1999.
24.
24 Zander Navarro, ‘Sete Teses Equivocados Sobre as Lutas Sociais no Campo, O MST e a Reforma Agraria’ in J. P. Stedile (ed.) A Reforma Agra MST (Petropolis, Vozes, 1997), pp. 120–1.
25.
25 Estado de Sa Âria e a Luta do Äo Paulo, ‘INCRA registrou numero recorde de invasoes em 99’ (14 January 2000), Section A, p. 11.
