An Introduction to the History and Social Studies of Science: A Seminar Course for First-Year Science Students

B. Russell , 'The Place of Science in a Liberal Education', Mysticism and Logic (1918; rpt. Allen and Unwin, 1963).

K.R. Popper , 'Science: Conjectures and Refutations', Conjectures and Refutations (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 2nd ed. 1965), Ch. I, 33—41, 50—5.

T.S. Kuhn , 'The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research', A. C. Crombie (ed.), Scientific Change ( Heinemann, 1963), 347—69, reprinted in B. Barnes (ed.), Sociology of Science (Penguin, 1972), 80-104.

Ptolemy, Almagest, Book I, Ch. I, M. K. Munitz (ed.), Theories of the Universe (Free Press, 1965).

Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos , see extract in R. S. Westfall and V. E. Thoren (eds.), Steps in the Scientific Tradition (Wiley, 1968), 85—106.

K.R. Popper , The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Harper, 1965), Sections 1-30 and 85.

T. S. Kuhn , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962; Chicago UP, 2nd ed., 1970).

D. Shapere , 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions', Philosophical Review, 73 (1964), 383-94.

Lakatos , 'Criticism and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 69 (1968), 149-84.

Lakatos and R.E. Musgrave , Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge UP, 1970).

D. Bloor , 'Two Paradigms for Scientific Knowledge?', Science Studies, I (1971), 101—15.

Ptolemy, Almagest, Book i, in Munitz, op. cit.

Aristotle, On the Heavens; selections in Munitz, and Westfall and Thoren, op. cit.

Aristotle, Physics, Book II, Ch. 8, in Westfall and Thoren.

E.J. Dijksterhuis , The Mechanization of the World Picture (1950; Oxford UP, 1969), 1—88.

M. Hesse , Forces and Fields (Littlewood, Adams and Co., 1965), Chs. 2 and 3.

T.S. Kuhn , The Copernican Revolution (Harvard UP, 1957), 1—98.

J. Mepham , 'Aristotle's Biological Researches', R. Harre (ed.), The Sciences (Blackie , 1967).

S. Sambursky , The Physical World of the Greeks (Routledge, 1963).

Copernicus, de Revolutionibus, Book i, in Munitz, op. cit.

E.A. Burtt , The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science ( 1932 ; Anchor Books, 1954).

H. Butterfield , The Origins of Modern Science (Bell, 1957).

A. Koestler , The Sleepwalkers (Penguin, 1964 ).

T. S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution.

H. Kearney , Science and Change: 1500—700 (World University Library , 1971).

M. Boas Hall , The Scientific Renaissance (1962: Fontana , 1970), Ch. 6.

A.B. Fallico and H. Shapiro , Renaissance Philosophy (Modern I,ibrary, 1967), Part IV, 'The Philosophers of Nature'.

D. P. Walker, Spiritual and Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella (The Warburg Institute , 1958).

F.A. Yates , Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (Vintage , 1969) ; 'The Hermetic Tradition in Renaissance Science', C. S. Singleton (ed.), Art, Science and History in the Renaissance (Johns Hopkins Press, 1968).

Lucretius , The Nature of the Universe (Penguin, 1951).

Galileo , 'The Assayer', S. Drake (ed.), Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (Anchor, 1957).

Descartes, A. Discourse on Method (Penguin, 1968); and selections in M. Boas Hall (ed.), Nature and Nature's Laws (Harper, 1970 ), 110—21, 264-70, 294—311.

E. A. Burtt, op. cit., Chs. 4, 5 and 6.

R.S. Westfall , The Construction of Modern Science (Wiley, 1971), esp. Ch. 2.

M.L. Berneri , Journey Through Utopia (1950: Schocken , 1971), 53—173

C. Hill , The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution (Temple Smith, 1972).

E. Nagel , 'Teleological Explanation and Teleological Systems', S. Ratner (ed.), Vision and Action ( Rutgers UP, 1953), reprinted in R. Munson (ed.), Man and Nature: Philosophical Issues in Biology (Dell, 1971), and in B. A. Brody (ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Science (Prentice-Hall, 1966). See also Nagel, The Structure of Science ( Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), 398—428.

F.J. Ayala , 'Biology as an Autonomous Science', American Scientist , 56 (1968), 207—21; ' Teleological Explanations in Evolutionary Biology', Philosophy of Science (1970), 1—15.

J. Canfield , Purpose in Nature (Prentice-Hall, 1966 ).

J. Maynard Smith et al., 'The Status of Neo-Darwinism', C. H. Waddington (ed.), Towards a Theoretical Biology, II (Edinburgh UP, 1969), 82—128.

M.A. Simon , The Matter of Life: Philosophical Problems of Biology ( Yale UP, 1971).

L. Wright , 'The Case against Teleological Reductionism', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 19 (1968), 211—23.

B. Commoner , 'In Defence of Biology', Science, 133 (1961), 1745-8.

F. Crick , Of Molecules and Men (Washington UP, 1967), Chs. 1 and 3.

K.F. Schaffner , 'Antireductionism and Molecular Biology', Science, 157 (1967), 644-7.

M. Polanyi , 'Life's Irreducible Structure', Science, 160 (1968), 1308-12.

Plato, Timaeus (Penguin, 1965).

Lucretius , On the Nature of the Universe (Penguin, 1951).

R. T. Blackburn (ed.), Interrelations: The Biological and Physical Sciences (Chicago , 1966).

R.L. Causey , 'Polanyi on Structure and Reduction', Synthese, 20 (1969), 230-7.

H. Hein , 'Molecular Biology vs. Organism: The Enduring Dispute between Mechanism and Vitalism', Synthese, 20 (1969), 228-33.

C.G. Hempel , Philosophy of Natural Science (Prentice-Hall, 1966), Ch. 8.

G. Holton (ed.), 'Do Life Processes Transcend Physics and Chemistry? (A Symposium)', Zygon—Journal of Religion and Science (December, 1968).

E. Nagel , 'Mechanistic Explanation and Organismic Biology', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, II (1951), 327, rpt. in Munson, op. cit., and Brody, op. cit. See also Nagel, The Structure of Science, 428—46.

M. A. Simon, op. cit., esp. Ch. 4.

D.E. Wooldridge , Mechanical Man (McGraw-Hill, 1968).

R.P. Feynman , Lectures in Physics, 3 ( Addison-Wesley , 1965), Ch. i.

W. Heisenberg , Physics and Philosophy (Harper Torchbook, 1962), Chs. 1—6.

E.P. Wigner , 'Two Kinds of Reality', The Monist, 48 (1964), 248-64; 'Remarks on the Mind-Body Question', I. J. Good (ed.), The Scientist Speculates (Heinemann, 1961).

T. Bastin , Quantum Theory and Beyond (Cambridge UP, 1971).

J.S. Bell and M. Nauenberg. 'The Moral Aspects of Quantum Mechanics', A. De-Shalit , H. Freshbach , and L. Van Hove (eds.), Preludes in Theoretical Physics in Honour of V. F. Weisskopf ( North Holland, 1966).

D. Bohm , Causality and Chance in Modern Physics (Harper Torchbook , 1961).

B. d'Espagnat , Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Benj amin, 1971 ).

H. Margenau , 'Quantum Mechanics, Free Will and Determinism', Journal of Philosophy, 64 (1967), 7114, rpt. in R. Olson (ed.), Science as Metaphor (Wadsworth , 1971).

A. Shimony , 'Role of the Observer in Quantum Theory', American Journal of Physics, 31 (1963), 755—73.

S. Toulmin (ed.), Physical Reality (Harper Torchbook, 1970), Chs. 6-9.

G. Chedd , 'Scientific Counter Culture', New Scientist (28 January 1971). C. Roberts and R.J. White , 'A Debate', The American Scholar, 40 ( 1971), 497-512.

J. Wellard , 'Drunken Dogs and Crazy Cats', New Society (27 August 1970).

C. Castañeda , The Teachings of Don Juan: a Yaqui Way of Knowledge ( Penguin , 1971); A Separate Reality ( Bodley Head, 1971).

B. Goodwin , 'Science and Alchemy', T. Shanin (ed.), The Rules of the Game (Tavistock, 1972); 'Biology and Meaning', Waddington (ed.), Towards a Theoretical Biology: Essays , IV (Edinburgh UP, 1972), 259—75.

P. A. Freund (ed.), Experimentation with Human Subjects (George Allen and Unwin, 1972 ).

E. Leach , 'Anthropological Aspects of Language: Animal Categories and Verbal Abuse' , E. H. Lenneberg (ed.), New Directions in the Study of Language (MIT Press , 1964), 23—63, rpt. in P. Maranda (ed.), Mythology (Penguin, 1972 ), 39—67.

C. Roberts , The Scientific Conscience (Braziller, 1967).

B.F. Skinner and B. Blanshard , 'The Problem of Consciousness', J. H. Gill (ed.), Philosophy Today No 2 ( Macmillan, 1969).

B.F. Skinner and C.R. Rogers , 'Some Issues Concerning the Control of Human Behaviour', Science, 124 (1956), 1057, rpt. in J. D. Douglas (ed.), The Technological Threat (Prentice-Hall , 1971).

N. Chomsky , Language and Mind (Harcourt, Brace and World, enlarged ed. 1972) and 'The Case Against B. F. Skinner' , New York Review of Books (30 December 1971 ).

L. Krasner , 'The Behavioural Scientist and Social Responsibility: No Place to Hide' , Journal of Social Issues, 21 (1965), 9, rpt. in J. D. Douglas (ed.), The Impact of Sociology (Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970).

J. Monod , Chance and Necessity (Collins, 1972).

B.F. Skinner , Walden Two (Macmillan, 1962) ; Beyond Freedom and Dignity (Cape, 1971).

N.S. Sutherland , 'Is the Brain a Physical System?', R. Borger and F. Cioffi, Explanation in the Behavioural Sciences (Cambridge UP, 1970).

J.D. Bernal , The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1929; Cape, 1970).

H. Marcuse , One Dimensional Man, Ch. 6; rpt. in B. Barnes (ed.), Sociology of Science ( Penguin , 1972), 331—52.

E.J. Mishan , The Costs of Economic Growth, 'Salvation by Science' (Penguin, 1969), 181—92.

B. Russell , The Scientific Outlook (1931; Allen and Unwin , 2nd ed. 1949), 209—79.

T. Roszak , The Making of a Counter Culture (Faber, 1970), esp. Chs. 7, 8 and Appendix.

E.M. Forster , 'The Machine Stops', Collected Short Stories ( 1928: Penguin, 1954).

A. Huxley , Brave New World (1932; Penguin, 1955).

G. Orwell , 1984 (1949; Penguin, 1954 ).

Y. Zamiatin , We (1924; Penguin, 1972 ).

P.M.S. Blackett , Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy ( Turnstile Press, 1948), Chs. 9—25.

R. Gilpin , American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy (1962 : Princeton UP, 1965), Chs. 1-2.

J. Haberer , Politics and the Community of Science (Van Nostrand , 1969), Ch. 9.

H., Feis : Japan Subdued : The Atomic Bomb and the end of the War in the Pacific (Princeton and Oxford UP, 1961).

G. Alperovitz , Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam, The Use of the Atomic Bomb in the American Confrontation with Soviet Power (Simon and Schuster , 1965; Secker and Warburg , 1966).

H. Feis , The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (Princeton UP, 1966).

G. Alperovitz , 'The Trump Card', New York Review of Books (15 June, 1967), .6-12.

H. Feis , From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War ( Anthony Blond, 1970).

R.G. Hewlett and O.E. Anderson , The New World 1939—46 (Pennsylvania State UP, 1962).

H.K. Jacobson and E. Stern , Diplomats, Scientists and Politicians: The United States and the Nuclear Test Ban Negotiations (Michigan UP, 1966).

R. Jungk , Brighter than 1000 Suns (Penguin, 1960 ).

R. E. Lapp, The New Priesthood : The Scientific Elite and the Uses of Power (Harper and Row, 1965).

A.K. Smith , A Peril and a Hope: The Scientists' Movement in America, 1945-47 ( Chicago UP, 1965).

H. York , Race to Oblivion (Simon and Schuster, 1970).

J.K. Galbraith , The New Industrial State (Penguin, 1969 ), esp. Chs. 25—35.

R.L. Heilbroner , The Limits of American Capitalism (Harper, 1967).

W.W. Rostow , The Stages of Economic Growth (1960; CUP, 2nd ed. 1972).

M. Stewart , Keynes and After (Penguin, 1967 ).

R.L. Heilbroner , The Making of Economic Society (Prentice-Hall, 4th ed., 1972).

P.A. Baran and P.M. Sweezy , Monopoly Capital (Penguin, 1968 ).

B. Easlea , Liberation and the Aims of Science (Sussex UP, in press), esp. Chs. 5, 7 and 8.

M. Kidron, Western Capitalism Since the War (Penguin, 1970).

G. Kolko , The Roots of American Foreign Policy ( Beacon, 1969).

M. Lewin , Lenin's Last Struggle (Faber and Faber, 1969).

J.P. Nettl , The Soviet Achievement (Thames and Hudson, 1967).

A. Nove , Was Stalin Really Necessary?: Some Problems of Soviet Political Economy (Allen and Unwin, 1964).

G. Kennan , Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin (Mentor , 1962).

D. Horowitz , Imperialism and Revolution (Penguin, 1972).

K. Marx and F. Engels , The Communist Manifesto, rpt. in A. P. Mendel (ed.), Essential Works of Marxism ( Bantam, 1961).

F. Engels , Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, rpt. in Mendel (ed.), op. cit.

S. Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge UP, 1968).

D. McLellan , The Thought of Karl Marx ( Macmillan , 1971).

I. M. Zeitlin, Marxism : A Re-Examination (Van Nostrand, 1967 ).

I. Deutscher , The Unfinished Revolution (Oxford UP, 1972).

H. Marcuse , Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis (1958: Penguin, 1971).

R.A. Medvedev , Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism ( Knopf, 1972).

A. Nove , An Economic History of the USSR (Penguin, 1972).

L.R. Graham , Soviet Academy of Science and the Communist Party 1927—32 ( Princeton UP, 1967); Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union (Knopf, 1972).

D. Joravsky , Soviet Marxism and Natural Science: 1917—1932 ( Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961); The Lysenko Affair (Harvard UP, 1970).

Z.A. Medvedev , The Rise and Fall of T. D. Lysenko (Columbia UP , 1969).

R.F. Dasmann , Planet in Peril (Penguin, 1972 ).

G. Leach , A. Peccei and A. Shonfield , 'When the Growing Has to Stop', The Observer (19 March 1972), 11-12.

L. White , Jr., 'The Historical Roots of our Ecological Crisis', Science , 155 (1967), 1203—7.

P. R. and A.H. Ehrlich , Population, Resources, Environment (W. H. Freeman , 1970). B. Commoner , The Closing Circle (Cape, 1972 ), disagrees with the Ehrlichs' analysis of the causes of the ecological crisis. P.R. Ehrlich and Commoner debate their differences in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (May 1972). Maintaining that there is no crisis is J. Maddox , The Doomsday Syndrome ( Macmillan, 1972).

G. Borgstrom , Too Many (Collier, 1971).

T.S. Derr , 'Man Against Nature', Cross Currents (Summer, 1970), 263—75

M. Douglas , 'Environments at Risk', J. Benthall (ed.), Ecology, The Shaping Enquiry ( Longmans, 1972).

H.W. Helfrich , Jr., The Environmental Crisis (Yale UP, 1970).

W. Leiss , The Domination of Nature (Braziller, 1972).

D.L. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth (London: Earth Island, 1972). For a critique of Meadows et al., see the article by the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, entitled 'Malthus with a Computer', Futures (February and April 1973).

A. Schmidt , The Concept of Nature in Marx (New Left Books, 1971).

J. Platt , 'What We Must Do', Science, 166 (1969), 1115—21.

G. Wald , 'A Generation in Search of a Future', J. Allen (ed.), March 4: Scientists, Students and Society (MIT Press, 1970).

B. Ward and R. Dubos , Only One Earth (Penguin, 1972 ).

B. Weisberg, Beyond Repair : The Ecology of Capitalism (Beacon , 1971).

R. Williams , 'Ideas of Nature', Benthall (ed.), op. cit.

S. Freud , Civilization and its Discontents (1931; Norton , 1962).

Freud-Einstein letters, 'Why War?', O. Nathan and H. Norden (eds.), Einstein on Peace (Schoken, 1968).

A. Storr , Human Aggression (Penguin, 1970 ); Human Destructiveness (Heinemann Educational , 1972).

H.V. Dicks , Licensed Mass Murder (Heinemann Educational, 1972).

L. Eisenberg , 'The Human Nature of Human Nature', Science, 176 (1972), 123.

D. Kenrick and G. Puxon , The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies (Heinemann Educational , 1972).

K. Lorenz , 'The Enmity between Generations and its Probable Ethological Causes' , A. Tiselius and S. Nilsson (eds.), Nobel Symposium 14: The Place of Value in a World of Facts (1970).

P.A. Robinson , The Sexual Radicals (Paladin, 1972), esp. Chs. 1 and 3 on Reich and Marcuse.

E. Fromm , The Art of Loving (1957; Unwin, 1962); The Sane Society (1956; Routledge, 1963).

H. Marcuse , Eros and Civilization (1955; Abacus, 1972), An Essay on Liberation (Penguin , 1972), Counter-Revolution and Revolt (Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1972).

W. Reich , The Mass Psychology of Fascism (1933; Farrar, Straus and Giraux, 1970); L. Baxandall (ed.), Sexpol Essays 1929—1934 (Vintage, 1972); The Sexual Revolution (1945; Farrar, Straus and Giraux, 4th ed., 1969).

F. Davis , 'Why all of us may be Hippies Some Day', D. N. Michael (ed.), The Future Society ( Transaction Books, 1970).

A. Einstein , 'Why Socialism', Monthly Review (May, 1949), rpt. in L. Huberman and P. M. Sweezy, Introduction to Socialism (Modem Reader, 1968).

R.E. Farson , 'A Bill of Rights for 1984', R. Jungk and J. Galtung (eds.), Mankind 2000 (Oslo: Universitets Forlaget, 1969).

B. Glass , 'Endless Frontiers or Golden Age ?', Science, 171 (1971), 23-9.

R.L. Heilbroner , 'Socialism and the Future', Commentary (December 1969), 35-45

A. Huxley , Island (Penguin, 1964).

G. Kateb , 'Utopia and the Good Life', Daedalus (Spring 1965).

J. Passmore , The Perfectibility of Man (Duckworth, 1972).

C.A. Reich , The Greening of America (Penguin, 1972 ).

R. Reiche, Sexuality and the Class Struggle (New Left Books, 1970 ).

G. Stent , The Coming of the Golden Age (Natural History Press , 1969), Part II, 'The Rise and Fall of Faustian Man'.

J. Haberer , 'The Politicalization of Science', Science, 178 (1972), 713—24.

H. and S. Rose , 'The Radicalization of Science', Socialist Register , 1972 (The Merlin Press, 1972), 105—32.

B. Brecht , The Life of Galileo, tr. by D. I. Vesey (Methuen , 1963).

H.J. Eysenck , Race, Intelligence and Education (Temple Smith , 1971); 'The Dangers of the New Zealots' , Encounter (December 1972), 79—91.

A.H. Jensen , Genetics and Education (Methuen, 1972 ); 'Genetics and Education: A Second Look', New Scientist (12 October 1972).

'Jensenism—a discussion between Walter Bodmer, H. J. Eysenck, A. H. Halsey and Arthur Jensen, chaired by John Maddox, on heredity and intelligence' , The Listener (4 January 1973), 12—16.

M. Richards , K. Richardson and D. Spears (eds.), Race, Culture and Intelligence (Penguin, 1972).

F. Fanon , The Wretched of the Earth (1961: Penguin, 1967), esp. Preface by J.P. Sartre and Ch. 6.

J. Beckwith , 'The Scientist in Opposition in the United States', W. Fuller (ed.), The Social Impact of Modern Biology (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971 ).

J. Bronowski , 'The Disestablishment of Science', Fuller, op. cit., and Encounter ( July 1971), 9—16.

H. Brooks , 'Can Science Survive in the Modem Age ?', Science , 174 (1971), 21—30, and the exchange of letters between R. C. Lewontin and Brooks, 'The Uses of Knowledge' , Science, 177 ( 1972), 286-7.

L. Kolakowski , 'Intellectuals Against Intellect', Daedalus (Summer 1972), 1-15.

E.C. Ladd , Jr., and S.M. Lipset , 'Politics of Academic Natural Scientists and Engineers', Science, 176 (1972), 1091-100.

P.B. Medawar , 'On "The Effecting of All Things Possible",' The Advancement of Science, 26 (1969), 1-9, rpt. in The Hope of Progress (Methuen, 1972).

J.R. Ravetz , Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems ( Oxford UP , 197 1), Part V, 'The Future of Science' .

J. Shapiro , L. Eron and J. Beckwith , Letter to Nature (27 December, 1969), 1337.

V.F. Weisskopf , 'The Significance of Science', Science, 176 (1972), 138-46.