This study examines how different scientific regimes have contributed differently to the way two Western Australian islands are managed. Rottnest Island and Garden Island are located off the coast of Perth, the capital of Western Australia. This paper contrasts the way science was conducted on Rottnest from the 1950s to 1970s, and this is contrasted with the way it was done on Garden Island in the 1970s and 1980s. On Rottnest, zoology and medicine were detached from the island management, yet impacted upon the island landscape. On Garden Island, ecology and geography were integrated with, and served, management. Differences in the social and political context of the times, and between the philosophical approaches and cultures of the scientists, are shown to have created different rôles for scientists in the management of the islands, and illustrate the on-going dialectic between two scientific cultures, one a culture of biomedical abstraction on Rottnest, and the other a culture of pragmatic holism on Garden Island.
ABS (1997) Australian Bureau of Statistics, `Western Australia at a Glance', ABS Catalogue No. 1306.5 (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics).
2.
Baird (1958) Alison M. Baird, `Notes on the Regeneration ofVegetation of Garden Island after the 1956 Fire', Journal of the Royal Society ofWestern Australia [hereafter `JRSWA'] 41/4: 102-107.
3.
Bell et al. (1987) D.T. Bell, J.C. Moredoundt and W.A. Loneragan, `Grazing Pressure by the Tammar (Macropus eugenii Desm.) on the Vegetation of Garden Island, Western Australia, and the Potential Impact on Food Reserves of a Controlled Burning Regime', JRSWA6/3: 89-94.
4.
Bimber & Guston (1995) Bruce Bimber and David H. Guston, `Politics by the Same Means: Government and Science in the United States', in Jasanoff et al. (1995): 554-571.
5.
Bowen (1981) Margarita Bowen, Empiricism and Geographical Thought: From Francis Bacon to Alexander von Humboldt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
6.
Bradshaw (1983) Sidney Donald (Don) Bradshaw, `Recent Endocrinological Research on the Rottnest Island Quokka', JRSWA66/1&2: 55-61.
7.
Bradshaw & Iveson (1977) S. Donald Bradshaw and J.B. Iveson, Salmonella and the Rottnest Island Environment (Nedlands, WA: Western Australian Public Health Department, State Health Laboratory Services).
8.
Chittleborough (1970) R.G. Chittleborough, Conservation of Cockburn Sound (Western Australia): A Case Study (Parkville, Victoria: Australian Conservation Foundation).
9.
Collingridge & Reeve (1986) David Collingridge and Colin Reeve, Science Speaks to Power: The Role of Experts in Policy Making (London: Francis Pinter).
10.
Collins (1995) H.M. Collins, `Cooperation and the Two Cultures: Response to Labinger', Social Studies of Science25/2 (May): 306-309.
11.
Collins & Labinger (2001) Harry Collins and Jay A. Labinger, The One Culture? A Conversation about Science (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press).
12.
Commonwealth Department ofWorks (c.1970) Commonwealth Department ofWorks, `Naval Support Facility Western Australia, Point Peron-Garden Island Causeway Project', Statement of Evidence to Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works (Melbourne, Victoria: Commonwealth Department ofWorks).
13.
Commonwealth Government (1903) Commonwealth Government, Defence Act (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service).
14.
Commonwealth Government (1975) Commonwealth Government, National Parks and Wildlife Act (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service).
15.
Commonwealth Government (1987) Commonwealth Government, Defence (Public Areas) By-Laws (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service).
16.
Cozzens & Woodhouse (1995) Susan E. Cozzens and Edward S. Woodhouse, `Science, Government, and the Politics of Knowledge', in Jasanoff et al. (1995): 533-553.
17.
DOD (1980) Department of Defence, Land Management Plan for Garden Island (Canberra: Department of Defence).
18.
Durack et al. (1969) D.T. Durack, S.S. Gubbay and Byron A. Kakulas, `Electrophysiological Studies in the Rottnest Quokka with Nutritional Myopathy', Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science47/5 (October): 581-588.
19.
Edge (1995) David Edge, `Reinventing the Wheel', in Jasanoff et al. (1995): 3-23.
20.
EMS (1989) Environmental Management Services, `Further Naval Facility at HMAS Stirling, Garden Island, Western Australia', Public Environment Report prepared for the Department of Defence by Environmental Management Services (Canberra: Environmental Management Services).
21.
EMS (1993) Environmental Management Services, `HMAS Stirling, Garden Island, Western Australia Environmental Management Plan', prepared for the Department of Defence by Environmental Management Services (Canberra: Department of Defence).
22.
ERA (1971a) Environmental Resources of Australia, `Beach Morphology Kwinana-Cape Peron Foreshore, Early Summer 1970/71', unpublished report prepared for the Commonwealth Department of Works (Perth, WA: Environmental Resources of Australia).
23.
ERA (1971b) Environmental Resources of Australia, `The Ecology of Cockburn Sound: Summer 1970-71', unpublished report prepared for the Fremantle Port Authority, August 1971 (Perth, WA: Environmental Resources of Australia).
24.
ERA (1972a) Environmental Resources of Australia, `An Integration of Hydrological Investigations: Cockburn Sound, December 1971', unpublished report for the Commonwealth Department of Works (Perth, WA: Environmental Resources of Australia).
25.
ERA (1972b) Environmental Resources of Australia, `A Preliminary Survey of Recreational Utilization of Garden Island and Cockburn Sound', manuscript report for the Commonwealth Department of Works (Perth, WA: Environmental Resources of Australia).
26.
FPA (1966) Fremantle Port Authority, Development of Outer Harbour, Port of Fremantle, Vols 1 & 2 (Fremantle, WA: Fremantle Port Authority).
27.
GIEAC (1996) Garden Island Environmental Advisory Committee, `HMAS Stirling and Garden Island Opportunities for Environmental Research Projects 1996-1997', booklet for public information (Rockingham, WA: Garden Island Environmental Advisory Committee).
28.
GIEAC (2000) Garden Island Environmental Advisory Committee, Garden Island: Environmental Advisory Committee Report of Activities 1998-1999 (Rockingham, WA: Garden Island Environmental Advisory Committee).
29.
Haas (1992) Peter M. Haas, `Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination', International Organization46/1 (Winter): 1-35.
30.
Hart et al. (1985) Raymond P. Hart, S. Donald Bradshaw and J.B. Iveson, `Salmonella Infections in a Marsupial, the Quokka Setonix brachyurus in relation to Seasonal Changes in Condition and Environment Stress', Applied Environmental Microbiology49: 1276-1281.
31.
Hart et al. (1983) R.P. Hart, J.B. Iveson, S.D. Bradshaw and T.P. Speed, `A Study of Isolation Procedures for Multiple Infections of Salmonella and Arizona in a Wild Marsupial, the Quokka Setonix brachyurus', Journal of Applied Bacteriology53/3 (December): 395-406.
32.
Heatwole (1991) Harold Heatwole, `Factors Affecting the Number of Species of Plants on Islands of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia', Journal of Biogeography18/2 (March): 213-221.
33.
Hesp et al. (1983) Patrick A. Hesp, M.R. Well, B.H.R. Ward and J.R.H. Riches, Land Resource Survey of Rottnest Island: An Aid to Land Use Planning, Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 4086 (Perth, WA: Department of Agriculture).
34.
Higgs (1981) A.J. Higgs, `Island Biography Theory and Nature Reserve Design', Journal of Biogeography8/2 (March): 117-124.
35.
Hobbs & Saunders (1991) Richard J. Hobbs and Denis A. Saunders (eds), Reintegrating Fragmented Landscapes: Towards Sustainable Production and Nature Conservation (New York: Springer-Verlag).
36.
Hodgkin (1959) Ernest P. Hodgkin, `History of the Rottnest Biological Station', JRSWA42/3: 68-69.
37.
Jasanoff (1990) Sheila Jasanoff, The Fifth Branch (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
38.
Jasanoff et al. (1995) Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen and Trevor Pinch (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage/4S).
39.
Kakulas (1961) Byron A. Kakulas, `Myopathy Affecting the Rottnest Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) Reversed by a-Tocopherol', Nature191 (22 July): 402-403.
40.
Kakulas (1963) B.A. Kakulas, `Influence of the Size of Enclosure on the Development of Myopathy in the Captive Rottnest Quokka', Nature198 (18 May): 673-674.
41.
Kakulas (1982) B.A. Kakulas, Man, Marsupial and Muscle: An Investigation of Muscular Paralysis Occurring in the Rottnest Island Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press).
42.
Kakulas (1983) B.A. Kakulas, `The Nutritional Myopathy of the Quokka as a Model for Research in Muscular Dystrophy', JRSWA66/1&2: 52-55.
43.
Kitchener et al. (1980) D.L. Kitchener, A. Chapman, B.G. Muir and M. Palmer, `The Conservation Value for Mammals of Reserves in the Western Australian Wheatbelt', Biological Conservation18/3 (September): 179-207.
44.
Labinger (1995) Jay A. Labinger, `Science as Culture: A View from the Petri Dish', Social Studies of Science25/2 (May): 285-306.
45.
MacArthur & Wilson (1967) Robert Heimer MacArthur and Edward Osborne Wilson, The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
46.
McArthur (1957) William M. McArthur, `Plant Ecology of the Coastal Islands near Fremantle, Western Australia', JRSWA40/2: 46-64.
47.
McArthur & Bartle (1981) W.M. McArthur and G.A. Bartle, `The Landforms, Soils and Vegetation as a Basis for Management Studies on Garden Island, Western Australia', CSIRO Land Resources Management Series No. 7 (Melbourne, Victoria: CSIRO).
48.
McDonell (1997) Gavan McDonell, `Scientific and Everyday Knowledge: Trust and the Politics of Environmental Initiatives', Social Studies of Science27/6 (December): 819-863.
49.
Main (1959) Albert R. Main, `Rottnest Island as a Location for Biological Studies', JRSWA42/3: 66-67.
50.
Main (1961) A.R. Main, `The Occurrence of Macropididae on Islands and its Climatic and Ecological Implications', JRSWA44/3: 84-89.
51.
Main (1995) A.R.Main, `The Study of Nature - A Seamless Tapestry', The Royal Society of Western Australia Medallist Lecture, JRSWA78/4: 91-98.
52.
Main & Yardev (1971) A.R. Main and M. Yardev, `Conservation of Macropods in Reserves in Western Australia', Biological Conservation3/2 (January): 123-133.
53.
Martin & Richards (1995) Brian Martin and Evelleen Richards, `Scientific Knowledge, Controversy, and Public Decision Making', in Jasanoff et al. (1995): 506-526.
54.
Navy Public Affairs (c.1995) Navy Public Affairs, `Welcome Aboard HMAS Stirling Fleet Base West', brochure (Rockingham, WA: Navy Public Affairs Western Australia).
55.
O'Connor (1977) Desmond O'Connor, C. Morris, J.N. Dunlop, L. Hart, H. Jasper and I. Pound, Rottnest Island: A National Estate Survey of its History, Architecture and Environment, Book 2 (Perth, WA: Advance Press).
56.
PSB ofWA (1979) Public Service Board of Western Australia, `Statement of Arrangements between the Commonwealth of Australia and the State Government of Western Australia concerning the Control of Public Access and Environmental Management, Garden Island, Western Australia', internal file No. 223902 (Perth, WA: Public Service Board of Western Australia, 20 February).
57.
PWC (1970) Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, `Report relating to the Proposed Construction of the Point Peron-Garden Island Causeway, (Naval Support Facility, Cockburn Sound), Western Australia', twenty-second report of 1970 of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, Parliamentary Paper No. 191 (Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printer).
58.
PWC (1972) Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, `Report relating to the proposed construction of a Naval Support Facility (HMAS Stirling) at Cockburn Sound), Western Australia', seventh report of 1972 of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, Parliamentary Paper No. 37 (Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printer).
59.
PWC (1989) Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, `Development of HMAS Stirling, Stage 2, Western Australia', sixteenth report of 1989 of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, Parliamentary Paper No. 490 (Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia).
60.
PWC (1994) Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works, `Minutes of Evidence relating to the Further Development of HMAS Stirling, Garden Island, Western Australia', fourth report of 1994 of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works (Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia).
61.
RIA (1994) Rottnest Island Authority, Annual Report 1993/94 (Fremantle, WA: Rottnest Island Authority).
62.
RIA (1996) Rottnest Island Authority, Annual Report 1995/96 (Fremantle, WA: Rottnest Island Authority).
63.
Rifkin with Martin (1997) William D. Rifkin with Brian Martin `Negotiating Expert Status: Who Gets Taken Seriously', IEEE Technology and Society Magazine16/1 (Spring): 30-39.
64.
RIMPG (1985) Rottnest Island Management Planning Group, Rottnest Island Draft Management Plan, Vols 1, 2 & 3 (Perth, WA: Rottnest Island Management Planning Group).
65.
RIS (1995) Rottnest Island Society, manuscript list of perceived shortcomings in the management of Rottnest, prepared by the Rottnest Island Society's secretary, Otto Mueller for the author (2 July 1995).
66.
Saunders & Hobbs (1991) Denis A. Saunders and Richard J. Hobbs (eds), Nature Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors (Chipping Norton, NSW: Surrey Beatty & Sons).
67.
Saunders, Hobbs & Ehrlich (1993) Denis A. Saunders, Richard J. Hobbs and Paul R. Ehrlich (eds), Nature Conservation 3: Reconstruction of Fragmented Ecosystems - Global and Regional Perspectives (Chipping Norton, NSW: Surrey Beatty & Sons).
68.
Saunders et al. (1987) Denis A. Saunders, G.W. Arnold, A. Burbridge and A.J.M. Hopkins (eds), Nature Conservation: The Role of Remnants of Native Vegetation (Chipping Norton, NSW: Surrey Beatty & Sons).
69.
Seddon (1972) George Seddon, `The Offshore Islands', in G. Seddon, Sense of Place: A Response to an Environment: The Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press): 210-225.
70.
Seddon (1983) George Seddon, `The Rottnest Experience', JRSWA66/1&2: 34-40.
71.
Seddon (1991) George Seddon, `Vegetation Dynamics', unpaginated and unpublished paper presented at the Rottnest Island Quokka Workshop (9-10 March 1991), MS held in records of the Terrestrial Ranger (Rottnest, WA: Rottnest Island Authority).
72.
Serventy (1979) Dominic Louis (Dom) Serventy, `History of Zoology in Western Australia', JRSWA62/1-4: 33-43.
73.
Sheen Laboratories (1970) Sheen Laboratories Environmental Chemistry Division, `Hydrology of Cockburn Sound: Summer', unpublished report for the Commonwealth Department of Works (Perth, WA: Sheen Laboratories).
74.
Solomon (1978) David Solomon, Australia's Government and Parliament (Melbourne, Victoria: Nelson, 4th edn).
75.
Sten (c.1974) Tom Sten, `An Appreciation of Progress in Reafforestation of Rottnest Island: 1954-1974', draft MS held in records of the Terrestrial Ranger (Rottnest, WA: Rottnest Island Authority).
76.
Trollope (1967 [1873]) Anthony Trollope (ed. P.D. Edwards & R.N. Joyce), Australia (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press [first published 1873]).
77.
van der Sluijs et al. (1998) Jeroen van der Sluijs, Josée van Eijndhoven, Simon Shackley and Brian Wynne, `Anchoring Devices in Science for Policy: The Case of Consensus around Climate Sensitivity', Social Studies of Science28/2 (April): 291-323.
78.
WA Government (1950) Government of Western Australia, Wildlife Conservation Act (Perth, WA: Government Printer).
79.
WA Government (1976) Government of Western Australia, National Parks Authority Act (Perth, WA: Government Printer).
80.
WA Government (1987) Government of Western Australia, Rottnest Island Authority Act (Perth, WA: Government Printer).
81.
WA Government (1995) Government of Western Australia, Rottnest Island Draft Management Plan: September (Perth, WA: Advance Press).
82.
Walker (1994) Ken J. Walker, The Political Economy of Environmental Policy: An Australian Introduction (Kensington: University of New South Wales Press).
83.
Waring (1959) Horace (Harry) Waring, `Introduction' to Special Issue, `Rottnest Island: The Rottnest Biological Station and Scientific Research', JRSWA42/365-66.
84.
Waterman (1969) Peter Waterman, `Southern Flats Case Study Area', unpublished report, No.1, for the Fremantle Port Authority (Fremantle, WA: Fremantle Port Authority).
85.
White & Edmiston (1974) B.J. White and R.J. Edmiston, `The Vegetation of Rottnest', unpublished report for the Forests Department for the Rottnest Island Board, unpaginated MS held by Terrestrial Ranger (Rottnest, WA: Rottnest Island Authority).
86.
Williamson (1989) Mark Williamson, `The MacArthur and Wilson Theory Today: True but Trivial (Guest Editorial)', Journal of Biogeography16/1 (January): 3-4.
