Experimenting,Organising and Theorising: A Contingency Approach

Warner Malcolm , “Organizational Alternatives: Towards an Analysis of Experimental Processes”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 16 No. 3, October 1979, pp.355–367.

Weick Karl E. , The Social Psychology of Organizing, Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1969.

Weick Karl E. , op. cit., 19.

As used by Evans William M. , Organizational Experiments: Laboratory and Field Research, New York: Harper & Row, 1971, 2.

Evan William M. , op. cit., 1.

Rose Michael , Industrial Behaviour: Theoretical Development Since Taylor, London: Allen Lane, 1975.

See Warner Malcolm , “Organizational Experiments & Social Innovations”, in Nystrom Paul C. and Starbuck William H. (eds.), Handbook of Organizational Design, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, to appear.

For example, Mansfield Edwin , “Technological Change and the Rate of Imitation”, Econometrica, Vol. 29 No. 4, Autumn 1961, pp.741–766; and Kimberly John R. , “Managerial Innovation”, in Nystrom Paul C. and Starbruck William H. (eds.), Handbook of Organizational Design, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, to appear.

See Clark Peter , Organizational Design, London: Tavistock, 1972.

Seashore Stanley E. , “Field Experiments with Formal Organizations”, Human Organisation, Vol. 23, Summer 1964, pp.164–170.

Barnes Louis B. , “Organizational Change and Field Experiment Methods”, in Vroom Victor H. (ed.), Methods of Organizational Research, Pittsburgh: University Press, 1987, pp.77–111.

French John, P. R. Jnr. , ‘Experiments in Field Settings’, in Festinger Leon and Katz Daniel (eds.), Research Methods in the Behaviour Sciences, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1953, pp.98–135.

Weick Karl E. , op. cit., 21.

E.g. Scott William R. , “Fields Methods in the Study of Organizations”, in March James G. (ed.), Handbook of Organizations, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965, pp.261–304; and Seashore, Stanley E., op. cit.

Weick Karl E. , “Systematic Observational Methods”, in Lindzey G. and Aronson E. (eds.). The Handbook of Social Psychology, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1968.

E.g. Weick Karl E. , “Laboratory Experimentation with Organizations”, in March J. G. (ed.). Handbook of Organization, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965, pp.194–260; and Weick Karl E. , “Organizations in the Laboratory”, in Vroom V. H. (ed.), Methods of Organizational Research, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967, pp.1–56.

E.g. Abt Associates, Survey of the State of the Art: Social, Political and Economic Models and Simulations, Cambridge, Mass: Abt Associates Inc., 1965; and Drabek T. E. and Haas J. E. , “Realism in Laboratory Simulation: Myth or Method?”, Social Forces, Vol. 45 No. 3, Summer 1967, pp.337–346; and Guetzkow H. , “Joining Field and Laboratory Work in Disaster Research”, in Baker W. G. and Chapman D. W. (eds.), Man and Society in Disaster, New York: Basic Books, 1962, pp.337–355; and Guetzkow H. , “Some Correspondences Between Simulations and ‘Realities’ in International Relations”, in Kaplan M. (ed.), New Approaches to International Relations, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968.

Quinn Robert P. and Kahn Robert L. , “Organizational Psychology”, in Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 18, 1967, pp.436–466.

Campbell Donald T. , “Administrative Experimentation, Institutional Records and Non-reactive Measures”, in Stanley J. S. and Elam S. M. (eds.), Improving Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967, p. 460.

See Easthope Gary , History of Social Research Methods, London: Longmans, 1974.

Teng Ssa-ya , “Chinese Influence on the Western Examination System”, in Bishop John L. (ed.), Studies of Governmental Institutions in Chinese History, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968, p. 231.

Teng Ssa-ya , op. cit., p. 233.

Teng Ssa-ya , op. cit., p. 235.

Teng Ssa-ya , op. cit., p. 232.

Taylor Frederick, W. , The Principles of Scientific Management, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1911.

Taylor Frederick W. , op. cit., p. 120.

For example, Blumberg Paul , Industrial Democracy: The Sociology of Participation, London: Constable, 1968; and Walker Kenneth F. , “Workers' Participation in Management: Problems, Practice and Prospect”, IILS Bulletin, No. 10, Geneva: ILO, 1974, pp.3–35.

Walker Kenneth F. , op. cit., 19.

Sherif Muzapher , The Psychology of Social Norms, New York: Harper & Row, 1936.

Lewin Kurt , Lippitt R. and White R. K. , “Patterns of Aggressive Behaviour in Experimentally Created Social Climates”, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 10 No. 3, Summer 1939, pp.271–299.

Bales Robert F. , Interaction Process Analysis, Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley/Landsdowne Press, 1951 (reprint 1971).

Easthope Gary , op. cit., 47.

Bavelas Alex and Barrett Dermot , “An Experimental Approach to Organizational Communication”, Personnel, Vol. 27 No. 3, May 1951, pp.366–371.

Leavitt Harold J. , “Some Effects of Certain Communication Patterns on Group Performance”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 45 No. 1, pp.38–50.

See, for example, Weick Karl E. , “Laboratory Experimentation with Organizations”, in March J. G. (ed.), Handbook of Organizations, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965, and Weick Karl E. , “Organizations in the Laboratory”, in Vroom V. H. (ed.), Methods of Organizational Research, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967.

For example, Blumberg Paul , op. cit.; and Carey A. , “The Hawthorne Studies: A Radical Criticism”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 32 No. 3, June 1967, pp.403–416.

Blumberg Paul , op. cit., 14.

Blumberg Paul , op. cit., 15.

Blumberg Paul , op. cit., 44.

Argyle Michael , “The Relay Assembly Test Room in Retrospect”, Occupational Psychology, Vol. 27 No. 1, Spring 1953, pp.98–103.

Carey A. , op. cit.

Weick Karl E. , op. cit., 20.

Lowin A. and Craig J. R. , “The Influence of Level of Performance on Managerial Style: An Experimental Object-Lesson in the Ambiguity of Correlation Data”, Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, Vol. 3 No. 4, Autumn 1968, pp.440–458.

Mayo Elton , Political Problems of an Industrial Civilisation, Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School, 1946; Whitehead T. N. , Leadership in a Free Society, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1936; and Roethlisberger F. J. and Dickson William J. , Management and the Worker, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1939.

Blumberg Paul , op. cit., 44.

Rose Michael , op. cit., 128.

Lawler Edward E. III, Motivation in Work Organizations, Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1973.

Richardson F. L. W. Jnr. and Walker Charles R. , Human Relations in an Expanding Company, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Labor and Management Centre, 1948, 1.

Evan William M. , op. cit., 1.

Braverman Harry , Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, London: Monthly Review Press, 1974.

Cook T. D. and Campbell D. T. , “The Design of True Experiments and Quasi-Experiments in Field Settings”, in (ed.) Dunnette M. S. , Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicago: Rand McNally Press, 1975.

Evan William M. , op. cit.

Evan William M. , op. cit., 147.

See Jacques Elliot , The Changing Culture of a Factory, London: Tavistock, 1951.

Rose Michael , op. cit., 177.

Dale Ernest , The Great Organizers, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960; and Pollard, Sidney, The Genesis of Modern Management: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1965.

Pugh Derek S. , Hickson D. J. , Hinings C. R. and Turner C. , “The Context of Organization Structures”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 14 No. 1, Spring 1968, pp.91–114.

Perrow Charles , “Control and Bureaucracy”, a paper given to the Dubrovnik Seminar on Decision-Making, Yugoslavia, January 1975.

See Heller Frank A. , Managerial Skills and Decision-Making: A Technical Report to the SSRC, London: Tavistock Institute, 1975; and Wood S. , “A Reappraisal of the Contingency Approach to Organization”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 16 No. 3, October 1980, pp.334–354.

Heller Frank A. , op. cit., 10.

See Warner Malcolm , “Organizational Experiments & Social Innovations”, in Nystrom Paul C. and Starbuck William H. (eds.), Handbook of Organizational Design, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, to appear.