Planning and Control: Bottom Up or Top Down?

Berg Norman , “Corporate Role in Diversified Companies”, Harvard Business School working paper.

Philip Selznick , Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation New York, Evanston, London: Harper and Row, 1957, Ch. 2, p. 41 and passim.

Trevelyan Eoin W. , “Strategy Determination in a Professional Service Organization”, Harvard Business School, Business Policy working paper, 1971.

Chandler Alfred D. Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of Industrial Enterprise, Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1962, p. 12.

Berg Norman A. , The Allocation of Strategic Funds in a Large Diversified Industrial Company, unpublished doctoral thesis, Harvard Business School, December 1963, for an elaboration of the point.

Cyert Richard M. and March J. , A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1963.

Aharoni Yair , The Foreign Investment Decision Process, Boston, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1966.

Ackerman Robert W. , Organization and the Investment Process: A Comparative Study, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard Business School, 1968.

Berg Norman , “Strategic Planning in Conglomerate companies”, Harvard Business Review, June 1965.

Bower Joseph L. , Managing the Resource Allocation Process: A Study of Corporate Planning and Investment, Boston, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1970.

Bower Joseph L. , Managing the Resource Allocation Process: A Study of Corporate Planning and Investment, Boston, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1970, p. 59.

Chandler op. cit., Chapter 1.

Lynch Harry H. , Financial Performance of Conglomerates, Boston, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1971, pp. 285–286.

See Salter Malcolm S. , “Stages of Corporate Development”, Journal of Business Policy, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1970.

Wrigley Leonard , Divisional Autonomy and Diversification, unpublished doctoral thesis, Harvard Business School, 1970.

See for example Bower's Managing the Resource Allocation Process, op. cit.

See Lawrence Paul R. and Lorsch Jay W. , Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration, Boston, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1967, for an excellent discussion of the different cognitive sets of these three functions.

Rosenblum John , unpublished thesis research, Harvard Business School, p. 27.

Quoted in Investigation of Conglomerate Corporations, A Report by the Staff of the Antitrust Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, p. 336, from Hearings held 18 June 1964.

“What Puts the Whiz in Litton's Fast Growth”, Business Week, 16 April 1966, p. 175. Quoted in Investigation, p. 360.

Berg Norman , “What's Different About Conglomerate Management”, Harvard Business Review, November-December 1969, p. 118.

See Bower Joseph L. , “Planning Within the Firm”, The American Economic Review, Vol. LX, May 1970, pp. 186–194.

Fouraker Lawrence E. and Stopford John M. , “The United States Federal Trade Commission Sample”, Working Draft, p. 6.

Fouraker and Stopford , “The United States Federal Trade Commission Sample”, Working Draft, pp 19–20.

Berg , “Corporate Role”, op. cit., p. 33.

Williamson Oliver , “Managerial Discretion, Organization Form, and the Multi-Division Hypothesis”, from Marris Robin and Wood Adrian (eds), The Corporate Economy: Growth, Competition and Innovative Potential, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 367.

This argument is developed more fully in Williamson, Corporate Control and Business Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1970.

Lynch , op. cit., p. 6. For a more detailed analysis, see May, Marvin M. , “The Chain Letter Revisited”, Financial Analysts Journal, May-June 1968.

Lynch , op. cit., pp. 43 and 44.

Burck Gilbert , “The Perils of the Multi-Market Corporation”, Fortune, February 1967, reprinted as a Harvard Business School case, p. 1.

Andrews Kenneth R. , The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Homewood, Illinois, 1971, p. 86.

Textron (B), Harvard Business School Case, pp. 20–21.

Sloan Alfred , My Years With General Motors, Doubleday, New York, 1965.