1. See most recently, Ole Wiever, 'The Sociology of a Not So International Discipline: American and European Developments in International Organization', International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 687-727.

2. For exemplary publications coming out of this project. see Ole Wæver, 'Explaining Europe by Decoding Discourses', in Explaining Errropean Integration, cd. Anders Wivel (Copenhagen: Copenhagen Political Studies Press. 1998), 100-46 : Ulla Holm, The French Garden Is No Longer What It Used to Be', in Reflective Approaches to European Governance, cd. Knud Erik Jorgensen (London: Macmitlan, 1997), 128-145; and Henrik Larsen. Foreign Policy as Discourse Analysis: France. Britain and Europe (London: Routledge, 1997).

3. Such a realist approach to European integration is taken in Thomas Pedersen, Germany, France and the integration of Europe (London: Pinter, 1998).

4. Central works advancing this argument are Paul Pierson, 'The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis', Comparative Political Studies 29, no. 2 (1996): 123-63, and Wayne Sandholtz, 'Choosing Union: Monetary Politics and Maastricht', International Organization 47. no. 1 (1993): 1-40.

5. Two edited volumes provide an overview: Knud Erik Jnrgensen. ed.. Reflective Approaches to European Governance (London: Macmillan, 1997). and most recently, Thomas Christiansen, Knud-Erik Jorgensen, and Antje Wiener, eds.. The Social Construction of Europe. special issue of the Journal of European Public Policy 6, no. 4 (1999).

6. John Gerard Ruggie, 'Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations', International Organization 47. no. 3 (1993): 139-74.

7. Bill McSweeney. 'Moral Choice and European Integration', in Moral Issues in International Affairs: Problems of European Integration. Bill McSweeney, ed. (London: Macmillan, 1998), 89-114.

8. Ernst Haas, for instance, defines integration as 'a condition in which specific groups and individuals show more loyalty to their central political institutions than to any other political authority'. See The Uniting of Europe: Political. Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957, 2d ed (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1968), 5.

9. See. for instance. Martin Marcussen et al., 'Constructing Europe? The Evolution of French, British and German Nation-State Identities', The Social Construction of Europe. 614-32.

10. Andrew Moravcsik, "'Is Something Rotten in the State of Denmark?" A Rationalist Critique of Constructivism and European Integration', in Christiansen et al., Social Construction, 669-81.

11. Robert O. Keohane, 'International Institutions: Two Approaches'. International Studies Quarterly 32. no 3 (1988): 379-96.

12. A good example of such an approach is Otto Holman, 'Transnational Class Strategy and the New Europe', International Journal of Political Economy 22, no 1 (1992): 3-22.

13. See. for instance, from two different perspectives, Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society (Ithaca, NY: Comell University Press, 1996), and Jutta Weldes, Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis (Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press, 1999). An overview of rather mainstream constructivist approaches is given in Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'The Constructivist Turn in International Relations', World Politics 50, no. 3 (1998): 324-48.

14. Markus Jachtenfuchs, Thomas Diez, and Sahine Jung. 'Which Europe? Conflicting Models of a Legitimate European Political Order'. European Journal of International Relations 4. no. 4 (1998): 409-45.

15. Marcussen et al., 'Constructing Europe', 614-33.

16. Sandholtz, 'Choosing Union'. 3.

17. Ole Wæver, 'Identity, Integration and Security: Solving the Sovereignty Puzzle in EU Studies'. Journal of International Affairs 48. no. 2 (1995): 411-12.

18. Most prominent is Peter A. Hall, ed.. The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism Across Nations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989). For a critical overview, see John Kurt Jacobsen. 'Much Ado About Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy', World Politics 47, no. 2 (1995): 283-310.

19. Thomas Diez. Die EU lesen: Diskursire Knotenpunkte in der brifischen Europeadebatte (Opladen: Leske+Budrich. 1999).

20. Sec Max Weber. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaff: Grundriß der verstehenden Soziologie, 5th ed (Tübingen; Mohr. 1972). 19-20. 122-76.

21. Ole Wæver, 'The Language of Foreign Policy', Journal of Peace Research 27, no. 3 (1990): 335-43.

22. Forschungsgruppe Menschenrechte, 'Internationale Menschenrechtsnormen, transnationale Netzwcrke und politischer Wandel in den Landern des Südens', Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 5, no. 1(1998): 5-41.

23. Antje Wiener, 'European Citizenship Practice; Building Institutions of a Non-State (Boulder. CO: Westview, 1997).

24. See the revised version of Paul Pierson. The Path to European Integration: A Historical-Institutionalist Analysis', in European Integration and Supranational Governance. Wayne Sandholtz and Alec Stone Sweet, eds. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 51-53.

25. For a critical assessment, see Catherine Hoskyns. Integrating Gender: Women, Law and Politics in the European Union (London: Verso, 1996), chap. 10.

26. Pierson. 'Path' (revised), 51.

27 The phrase 'seizing the middle ground' is from Emanuel Adler. 'Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics', European Journal of International Relations 3. no. 3 (1997): 319-63.

28. For the diversity of the debate and differences within the constructivist camp broadly conceived. see Steve Smith. 'Positivism and Beyond', in Positivism and Beyond. Steve Smith. Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski, eds. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 1996), 11-44, and Ole Wæver. 'Figures of International Thought: Introducing Persons instead of Paradigms', in The Furure of International Relations: Masters in the Making, eds. Iver Neumann and Ole Wæver (London: Routledge. 1997), 1-37.

29. See. tor instance, 'radical constructivism', in Siegfried J. Schmidt, 'Der Radikale Konstruktivismus: Ein neues Paradigma im interdisziplinären Diskurs', in Der Diskurs des Radikalen Konstruktivismus, ed. Siegfried J. Schmidt (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1987), 11-88.

30. Friedrich Kratochwil and John Gerard Ruggie, International Organization: A State of the Art on an An of the State', International Organization 40, no. 4 (1986); 753-76.

31. Robert O. Keohane, 'Theory of World Politics: Structural Realism and Beyond', in Neorealism and Its Critics. ed. Robert O. Keohane (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 193-95, drawing largely on Keohane and Joseph S. Nye. Power and Interdependence (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977).

32. John Gerard Ruggie. 'Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Towards a Neorealist Synthesis', in Neorealism and its Critics.

33. Richard K. Ashley, 'The Poverty of Neorealism', in Keohane, Neorealism, 280; but elaborated later in 'Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17, no. 2 (1988), 227-62; John A. Agnew, 'Timeless Space and State-Centrism : The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory', in The Global Economy as Political Space, eds. Stephen J, Rosow, Naeem Inayatullah, and Mark Rupert (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), 87-106 : and R.B.J. Walker. Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

34. This latter issue was crucial in the ensuing debate between Critical Theorists writ large, building mostly on Habermas and attempting to save modernity's rationalist impulse, and critical theorists in a broader sense, including poststructurally inspired critiques of such a rationalism as essentialising a specific ontological preference. See the so-called 'Hoffman-Rengger debate' in Millennium: Journal of International Studies. See Mark Hoffman, 'Critical Theory and the Inter-Paradigm Debate', Millennium 16, no. 2 (1987): 231-49; Nick J. Rengger, 'Going Critical? A Response to Huffman'. Millennium : Journal of International Studies 17, no. 1 (1988): 81-89; Hoffman. 'Conversations on Critical International Relations Theory', Millennium 17, no. I (1988): 91-95. See also for a critical overview Chris Brown, "'Turtles All the Way Down": Anti-Foundationalism, Critical Theory and International Relations'. Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994): 213-36.

35. For a critical overview, see Hoffman, 'Critical Theory', 234.

36. Diez. EU lesen, 201-27.

37. A more elaborate version of the argument is presented in Andrew Moravcsik, Why the European Community Strengthens the State: International Cooperation and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, MA: Center for European Studies Working Paper Series no. 52, 1994).

38. Joseph Weiler made a similar argument when he suggested that the current debate is partly due to a lack of ideals legitimising European governance after the successful establishment of peace as the original ideal of integration. See 'Ideals and Idolatry in the European Construct', in Moral Issues in International Affairs: Problems of European Integration, ed. Bill McSweeney (Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1998). 55-88. One should, however, be careful not to portray a technocratic functionalism as necessarily lacking any underlying ideal, which in this case would be the belief in increased rationalisation, see Lene Hansen and Michael C. Williams, 'The Myths of Europe: Legitimacy, Community and the "Crisis" of the EU'. Journal of Common Market Studies 37, no. 2 (1999): 233-49. The point, then, would rather be to make this underlying ideal part of the debate about the future course of integration.

39. The Network construction is developed in more detail in Thomas Diez. 'International Ethics and European Integration: Federal State or Network Horizon?'. Alternatives 22, no. 3 (1997): 287-312. A similar notion of European governance is the condominio in Philippe C. Schmitter, 'Imagining the Future of the Euro-Polity with the Help of New Concepts', in Governance in the European Union, eds. Gary Marks et al. (London: Sage, 1996), 136.

40. The concept of radical interdependence is developed in David Campbell, 'The Deterritorialization of Responsibility: Levinas. Derrida, and Ethics After the End of Philosophy'. Alternatives 19, no. 4 (1994): 460. 'One Europe, Many Europes' is a play with the title of R.B,J, Walker, One World, Many Worlds : Struggles for a Just World Peace (London: Zed Books. 1988).

41. Pachtenfuchs et al., 'Which Europe', 429-30.

42. I am grateful to Mark Aspinwall for this technological refinement of the train metaphor.

Riding the AM-track through Europe;or,The Pitfalls of a Rationalist Journey Through European Integration

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