1. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Macmillan: 1977), p. 51.

2. Ibid., p. 25.

3. Robert H. Jackson, 'Martin Wight, International Theory and the Good Life', Millenium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 19. No. 2. Summer 1990), p. 266.

4. Bull, Anarchical Society, op. cit., in note 1, p. 25.

5. Ibid., p. 26.

6. Ibid., p. 13.

7. Ibid., p. 140.

8. R.J. Vincent, 'Order in International Politics', in J.D.B. Miller and R.J. Vincent (eds), Order and Violence: Hedley Buff and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), p. 45.

9. Andrew Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1990), p. 14.

10. See the introduction by the editors in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London: Allen and Unwin, 1966), p. 13.

11. If some realists do see the pursuit of the national interest as having a moral dimension, his criticism is not a well founded one.

12. For the classic discussion on these distinctions, see Hedley Bull, 'The Grotian Conception of International Society' in Diplomatic Investigations, in note 10, pp. 51-74.

13. Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism, op. cit., in note 9, p. 20.

14. See Martin Wight, Systems of States edited by Hedley Bull (Leicester University Press, 1977), p. 135.

15. Bull is not as explicit as he might be on the foundations of these moral and legal obligations in the society of states. For a discussion of this, see, A. Claire Cutler, 'The Grotian Tradition' in International Relations', Review of International Studies (Vol. 17, No. 1, January 1991), pp. 53-8.

16. Bull, 'Grotian Conception', op. cit., in note 12, pp. 70-1. For Cutler's discussion, see Cutler, 'The Grotian Tradition', op. cit., in note 15, p. 56.

17. Pluralists do not rule out the possibility that a time might arise when international society is sufficiently solidarist to sanction collective humanitarian intervention. See Bull's discussion of the pluralist writer, Lassa Oppenheim in Bull, op. cit., in note 12, p. 63.

18. Bull, 'Grotian Conception', op. cit. in note 10

19. Claire Cutler, op. cit., in note 15, p. 48.

20. Bull, Anarchical Society, op. cit., in note 1, p. 22.

21. Jackson, 'Martin Wight'. op. cit., in note 3, p. 267.

22. Chris Brown, International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992), p. 125.

23. Bull, Anarchical Society, op. cit., in note I, pp. 88- 23.

24. Ibid., p. 97. Emphasis in original.

25. Thomas M. Franck and Nigel S. Rodley, 'After Bangladesh: The Law of Humanitarian Intervention by Force', American Journal of International Law (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1973), pp. 275-305.

26. For a disucssion of the arguments which have been presented in support of a doctrine of humanitarian intervention, see Gary Klintworth, Vietnam's Intervention in Cambodia in International Law (Canberra: AGPS Press, 1989), pp. 41-58.

27. Justin Morris, 'The Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in International Relations', MA Dissertation, (University of Hull, 1991).

28. See Caroline Thomas, New States, Sovereignty and Intervention (Aldershot: Gower, 1985), pp. 90-116.

29. Morris, 'Concept', op. cit., in note 27, pp. 27-9.

30. Ibid., pp. 11-30 and 45-52. for the argument that these three cases do not provide evidence of the illegitimacy of a principle of humanitarian intervention in the society of states, see Klintworth, Vietnam's Intervention, op. cit., in note 22.

31. Ibid., p. 59.

32. Morris, op.cit, in note 27, pp.11-33.

33. See the conclusion in Hedley Bull (ed.), Intervention in World Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), p. 193.

34. Brown, International Relations Theory, op. cit., in note 22, p. 113.

35. Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism, op. cit., in note 9, p. 19.

36. Hedley Bull, The Hagey Lectures (Waterloo, Ont.: The University of Waterloo, October 1983), p. 18.

37. Ibid., p. 12.

38. Ibid., pp. 12-3.

39. See Bull's conclusion in Intervention in World Politics, op. cit. in note 33, pp. 194-5.

40. Ibid., pp. 13 and 14.

41. Ibid., pp. 14 and 18.

42. See for example Martin Shaw, 'Global Society and Global Responsibility: The Theoretical, Historical and Political Limits of International Society, in this issue of Millennium (Vol. 21, No. 3, 1992), pp. 421-434; and Richard Falk, Human Rights and State Sovereignty, (New York, NY: Holmes and Meier, 1981); and Explorations at the Edge of Time: The Prospects for World Order (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992).

43. Christopher Hill, 'Obituary: R.J. Vincent (1943-90)'. Political Studies (Vol. XXX1X, No. 1, March 1991), p. 159.

44. R.J. Vincent, 'Grotius, Human Rights, and Intervention' in Hedley Bull, Benedict Kingsbury and Adam Roberts (ed.), Hugo Grotius And International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), p. 248-9.

45. See R.J. Vincent, Human Rights And International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 150-2, and for the specific quote, see R.J. Vincent and Peter Wilson, 'Beyond Non-Intervention', in Ian Forbes and Mark Hoffmann (eds), Ethics and Intervention (London: Macmillan: forthcoming).

46. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, op. cit., in note 45, p. 126.

47. Ibid., p. 127.

48. Hill, 'Obituary', op. cit., in note 43, p. 159.

49. Vincent and Wilson, 'Beyond Non-Intervention', op. cit., in note 45. Emphasis in the original.

50. Ibid.

51. Robert H. Jackson. 'Is There An International Community: Intervention or Isolation', paper presented to the Dartmouth College/United Nations Conference on 'National Sovereignty and Collective Intervention', (May 18-20. 1992), p. 22.

52. Jarat Chopra and Thomas G. Weiss, 'Sovereignty Is No Longer Sacrosanct: Codifiying Humanitarian Intervention', Ethics and International Affairs (Vol. 6, 1992) pp. 100-1.

53. Vincent, Human Rights, op. cit., in note 45, p. 114.

54. Ibid., p. 252.

55. Chopra and Weiss, 'Sovereignty', op. cit., in note 52.

56. Quoted in Richard N. Gardner, 'International Law and the Use of Force'. New Dimensions in International Security (London: IISS, Adelphi Paper No. 266, Winter 1991/92), pp. 71-2.

57. Ibid., p. 71.

58. James Mayall, Non-Intervention, Self-Detennination and the 'New World Order"', International Affairs (Vol. 67, No. 3, July 199J), pp. 426 and 428.

59. Ibid., p. 428.

60. Morris, 'Concept', op. cit., in note 27, pp. 33-42.

61. 'UN Envoy Pours Cold Water on Kurd Refugee Plan'. Times, 10 April 1991.

62. Marc Weller. 'The International Response to the Dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia', American Journal of International Law (Vol. 86, No. 3, 1992), pp. 569-607.

63. For a fuller discussion of the UN's role in the Yugoslav conflict, see Nicholas J. Wheeler, 'Human Rights and Security: Beyond Non-Intervention' in Wynn Rees (ed.), International Politics in Europe: The New Agenda (London: Routledge, forthcoming).

64. Falk, Human Rights, op. cit., in note 42.

65. Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 175-6.

66. For a fuller discussion of this, see Wheeler, 'Human Rights and Security', op. cit., in note 63.

Pluralist or Solidarist Conceptions of International Society: Bull and Vincent on Humanitarian Intervention

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