S/N: international Theory,Balkanisation and the New World Order

This essay is a revision of a paper originaly given at the American Political Science Meeting III Sam Francisco CA in September 1990 I would like in thank Jean Berthe I Islam Kuran and Adam Berner for them and Jhon Rappie for the poetrie response

I This essay attempts ;it a conceptual and historical lesed of what Edward Sand skilllully. achieves al a theorical and literary level on his essay. Traveling Theory. (Winter 1982. pp 41-67.sharing with it more of the a) stations, that Said, an to an paragraph

There is, however, a discemble and recurrent pattern to the movement itself three for four stapes commonto the way any theory or idea travels first. there is a period of of what seems like one, a set of initial circontance in which life idea came to birth or entered disconte, second there is a distance traversed a passage through the pressure of various, contents as the idea moves form an earlier point to another time and places where it will come into a new third there is a set of conditions call them conditions of acceptance or as an inevitable part of acceptance resistance which then confronts the transplanted theory or idea, making possible its introduction or toleration, however aliea it might appear to be fourth the now fully for partly) accommantated for incorporated idea is to some extent transformed by its new its new position in an new time and place.

It will take another story in explain the rise in discurse power of historical concepts like finlandisation and medievalisation and the decline of political concepts like communism, imperialism capitalism etc.

Utopias afford consolation although they have no real locality there is nevertheless a fantastic untroubled region in which they are able to untold. They open up cities with vast avenues. superbly planted gardens. contries where life is easy ever though the road to them is chimerical Heteroloque are disturbing probably because they sectely undermine language, because they make it impossible to native this and that because the) shatter of tangle common names. because they destroy syntax in advance and not only the syntax with which we construct sentences hul also that less a parent syntax which causes words and things (next to and also opposite one another to hold together

See M. Foucault The Onder of things An Archocology of the Human Sciences ( New York: Vintage Books. 1973). p. xviii. For an anthropological appreciation of the power of a regenerative disorder. see J. Clifford. The Predicament of Culture (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), p, 141.

There is another possibility that the origins of the new endism lie less in ideology or a philosophy of history than in a new sedentariness. In our perpetual desire to avoid the evidence that there is no First principle of trulh. final meaning, redemptive end - only eternal recurrence - we mistake our own inertia amidst rapid change for arrival. In his essay The Last Vehicle', Paul Viritio argues that the speed of travel and information gives an additional priority of arrival over departure, of distance/speed over distance/lime and likens the phenomenon to the Tokyo swimming 'pools' in which the swimmer in a greatly reduced space swims vigorously against a current and stays stationary. See P. Virilio , 'The Last Vehicle', in D. Kamper and C. Wulf (eds.). Looking Back on the End of the World (New York: Simiotext, 1989), pp, 106.19. A more familiar example would be the siep machines, now so popular that people wail for elevators in health clubs to wail in line to use the machines. And for an elaboration on the appeal of 'endism', see my 'Reply to Rosenau: Fathers (and sons), Mother Courage (and her children), and the End of the World (as we know il)', Roundtable on Superpower Scholars. 1990 International Studies Association Meeting, forthcoming in J. Rosenau (ed.), International Relations Voices: Dialogues of Discipline in Flur ( Boulder. CO: Westview Press).

See J. Der Derian , 'The (S)pace of International Relations: Simulation Surveillance, and Speed', International Studies Quaterly (September. 19901, pp. 295-3 10: and J. Rosenau. ibid.

See E. Said. Orientalism (Harmondswoth: Penguin . 1985), who quotes Hugh of St. Victor 'The man who finds his homeland sweet is still a tender beginner; he in whom every soil is as his native one is already strong; but he is perfect to whom the entire world is as a foreign land', Richard Ashley and Rob Walker endorse a similar intellectual position of exile in the introduction to the International Studies Quarterly Special Issue. 'Speaking the Language of Exile: Dissidence in International Studies', (September 1990), pp, 259-68.

The reply of the poet Robert Graves to an interviewer's question. 'Why had he not been able to make people understand the nature of the First World War when home on leave?' makes the point simply and eloguenlly: 'You couldn't; you can't communicate noise Noise never slopped for one moment - ever. Listener, 15 July 1971. p. 74, quoted by P. Fussell . The Great War and Modern Memory ( New York: Open University Press, 1975), p. 170.

The does, not mean there is a video tape to accompany the essay. 'Videographic' is used to convey the technical characteristics time-shifting, channel-switching, erasability of the archive, etc.) as well as the philosophical implications (the intuitive and simulacral power of movement. as external physical real). and image, as internal psychic consciousness) of the latest and most pervasive form of representation the term draws on Henri Bergson's notions of 'movement-image' and 'cinematographic' illusion. first presented in Matter and Memory ( 1896) and Creative Evolution (1907) and reinterpreted by Gilles Deleuse in Current / The Movement Image ( Minnenpolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986) and Bergson (New York: Zone Books 1988). For an assortment of views on the philosophical impact of ideography, set the special issue of Black (Autumn 1988) on 'The Work of An in the Elestrame Age kill Baudrillard.The Exil Deman of Images (Sydney: Power Institute of Fine Arts, 1987). and Michael Shapiro. Strategic Discourse/Discursive Strategy: The Representation of "Security Policy in the Video Age', International Studies Quarterly (September 1990). pp. 327-40.

See It. Hult. The Anarchical Society A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia Universaty Press. 1977). pp) 4-5. I believe Benedict Kingsbury first applied the idea of a 'trialectic working in Bull's analysis in a presentation at the 1986 British International Studies Association paper.

For an a very persuasive account of the influence of Augustine on classical international theory. see Roger Ivan Epp , Power Politics and the Civitas Terrena. The Augustinian Sources of Anglo-American Thought in International Relations (Ph.D. Dissertation, Queen's University Belfast. June 1990).

For the first account of the modern world order. see A .HL. Heerren , Manual of the History of the Political system of Europe and its Colonies (London7 Bohn, 1873). p. x, This was written in response to what he perceived as the demise of that very order. In the Preface to the 1809 first edilion, Heeren stated that. 'while the author was thus employed in elaborating the history of the European states system, he himself saw it overthrown in most essential Paris .., Its history was In fact written upon its ruins.

See K. Deutsch and J. Singer , 'Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability', World Politics (Vol.16. No. 3. 1964), pp. 390-406: K. Waltz , 'International Structure: National Force and the Balance of World Power. Journal of International Affairs (Vol. 2t, No. 2, 1967). pp. 215-31; R. Keohane. 'The Theory of Hegemonic Stability and Changes in International Economie Regimes, 196-1917 ,' in 0. Holsti, et. al. (eds). Changes in the International System (Boulder. CO: Westview, 1980; and A. Watson ,'Systems of States ', Review of International Studies (Vol, 16, 1990). pp. 99-109.

J. Saddam Hussein has temporarily given the US foreign policy a purpose and identity again, but the personalities and issues (despite The hyperbolic and historically specious identification of Hussein with Hitler and Kuwait with Czechoslovakia) lack the necessary grandeur to become a sustainable global threat.

See C. Bohlen . 'A Glasnost Nightmare: The News is all Bad', The New fort Times, 18 August 1990.

See P. Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York; Random House. 1987): R. Gilpin , War and Change in World Politics ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1981); and R. Gilpin , The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).

Foucault , op. cit., in note 3, pp. xv-xxiv.

Ibid., p. xx.

Ibid.

Ibid.

This does smell of relativism, even nihilism. For those who consider relativism or nihilism a graver danger to the international society than totalitarian trulhs, I would recommend large doses of Kundera. Outside of Nietzsche, the best short statement on the subject comes from the French literary critic, Maurice Blanchot. 'The Limits of Nihilism', in D. Allison (ed.). The New Neitzsche (Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1985), p. 122:

Here, then, is a first approach to Nihilism: it is not an individual experience or a philosophical doctrine, not is it a fatal light cost over human nature, etenally vowed to nothingness. Rather, Nihilism is an event achieved in history, and yet it is like a shedding off of history, a moulting period, when history changes its direct and is indicated by a negative trait that values no longer have value by themselves. There is also a positive trait: for the first time the horizon is infinitely opened to knowledge -'All is permitted' .

I realise the historical specificity of this claim as well, but if we measure the success of Italian (in the nineteenth century) and German unification (1848.18711, as well as the current process of reunification) against the failure of pan-Slavism, pan-Arabism, pan-Africanism. pan-shi'ism, etc., then I believe the claim is a valid one.

In an Oxford University lecture. Hedley Bull stated that the leading theorist of nationalism in the nineteenth century, Giuseppe Mimini. also believed that there was a finite number of nations seeing liberation.

For an exhaustive account of the pre- and inter-war ethnic conflicts of Europe. see Elie Kedourie , Nationalism (London: Hutchioson 1961) pp 118-31

L. Troisky. The War and the International (Wellawatee Wesley Press , 1971 p 34

L. Trotsky , The first Four Years of the Communs International

There is some evidence to suggest that the appropriation was dread and early coterminous: one source claims that Woodrow Wilson had asked the published to the pools of 1914 pamphlet in which be advocated self determination, democratie principles and an end to secret diplomacy. See the preface to Trosky. op cit., in note 24

R.W. Selon Watson . The Danuhian Problem. International Affairs (September October 1934),

Roland Barthes puts it much belier in the Preface to Sade Fower. Lovala Niew York: Hill and Wang, 1916), p 10

The social intervention of a text (not necessarily achieved at the time the text appears) is measured not by the popularity of its audience or by the Fidelity of the socioeconomic reflection it contains or project, to a few taget but rather by the violence that enables it to exceed the law, that a society, an ideology. a philosophy establishes for themselves in order to agree among themselves in a fine surge of historical intelligibilily. This excess is called: writing.

For example. William Ivin's quote. 'The nineteenth century began by believing that what was reasonable was true, and it would end up by believing that what it was photograph of was Irue' See William M. Ivinx. Jr. , Prints and Visual Communication (1953). quoted by Andy Grundberg , 'Ask It No Questions. The Camera Can Lie', The New York Times, 12 August 1990.

'We must not delude ourselves. Iraq's invasion was more than a military attack on liny Kuwait; it was a ruthless assault on the very essence of international order and civilized ideals. George Bush , Address to the Veterans of Foreign Wars . New York Times. 28 August 1990),

A comparison of the reaction In the 1923 crists between France and Germany over the Ruhr, a vital coal producing region. might be edifying

The use of this term and much of my analysis of it comes from an Oxford University lecture that Hedley Bull gave on Ihe subject, much of it a dissection of the work of Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane. which he categorised as neo-idealist,

V. Havel , 'Words on Words', The New York Review of Books 18 January 1990.

Ibid

J. Baydrillard , Fatal Strategies. in M. Poster (ed.), Jean Baudrilland Selected Writtings (Stanford. CA: Stanford Universily Press , 1988). p. 191.

I borrow the phrasing on identity(difference from William Connolly

, M. Bakhin , The Problem of Destocrysky's Politics (trans). C. Emerson (Minneaplos, MN University of Minnesota Press, 1984 ) pp. 311-12.