India News (Washington, DC: the Indian Embassy, Vol. 29. No. 4, 15-30 September 1990).
2.
SeeKilaparti Ramakrishna, 'The Emergence of Environmental Law in the Developing Countries: A Case Study of India', Ecology Law Quarterly (Vol. 12, No. 4, 1985), pp. 907-35.
3.
See, for example, the Statement of Maneka Gandhi, Indian Minister of State (Environment and Forests), at the White House Conference in Washington, DC. 17-18 April 1990, India News (Washington, DC: the Indian Embassy, April/May 1990). She emphasised the need to make available appropriate technologies and additional financial support and pointed out: When we cannot afford to set apart resources even to replace the unacceptable pesticides which affect the health of the people today, can we afford to make investments to avert a global problem which will be manifested 50 years hence, particularly when we are not contributing to the creation of the global problem?
4.
Gro Harlem Brundtland, 'Our Common Future - A Climate for Change', The Changing Atmosphere - Implications for Global Security: Conference Proceedings (WMO/OMM, No. 710), pp. 16-23.
5.
See ibid.
6.
At the Ministerial Conference, 'Saving the Ozone Layer', hosted by the UK Prime Minister in London. March 1989.
7.
See 'Remarks by Kilaparti Ramakrishna'. in the Session dealing with International Responsibility for Manmade Disasters, Proceedings of the 81st Annual Meetting of the American Society of International Law, pp. 336-38.
8.
See The State of India's Environment (New Delhi , India: Centre for Science and Environment, 1985).
9.
See Official Test of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea with Annexes and Index (United Nations Publication Sales No. E.83.V5. 1983). Articles 212 and 222.
10.
See, for example, the provisions of Part XI in relation to pollution from activities in the area.
11.
UN Document, A/Conf. 62/L.6]
12.
Ibid.
13.
See, for example, Ocean Development and International Law (Vols. 7-18); and San Diego Law Review (Vols. 8-23).
14.
Louis B, Sohn.Implications Of The Law Of The Sea Convention Regarding The Protection And Preservation Of The Marine Environment (San Francisco, CA: Paper presented to the 18th Annual Conference on the Law of the Sea, Law of the Sea Institute and the University of San Francisco, 24 September 1984), p. 5.
15.
Op. in note 9.
16.
Ibid., p. 74.
17.
See, for example, Tanzania's comments on the document sponsored by the United Kingdom UN Document, A/Conf. 12/C.3/L.24.
18.
Op. cit., in note 9.
19.
See Fred Rucker , 'The Politics Of Ocean Pollution: The Third Law of the Sea Conference and International Structures for Environmental Protection', Boston College International & Comparative Law Journal (Vol. I, 1977), pp. 316-19.
20.
Ibid., pp. 313-14.
21.
Sohn, op. cit, in note 14.
22.
Ibid., p. 6.
23.
Ibid., and op. cit., in note 9, Articles 207(1), 208(3). 210(6) and 212(1).
24.
While this question has not been directly addressed elsewhere, for an interesting analysis, see Frederic L. Kirgis, Jr., 'Editorial Comment: Standing to Challenge Human Endeavors that Could Change the Climate', American Journal of International Law (Vol. 84, No. 2, April 1990). pp. 525-30,
25.
MauriceHope-Thompson, 'The Third World And The Law Of The Sea: The Attitude Of The Group Of 77 Toward The Continental Shelf', Boston College Third WorldLaw Journal (Vol. I, No. 1. 1980), p. 46,
26.
Ibid.
27.
D.H.N. Johnson . 'Air And Outer Space Law And The New International Economic Order', in Air And Outer Space Law ( Thessaloniki, Greece: Thesaurus Acroasium Of The Institute Of Public International Law And International Relations Of Thessaloniki. 1981). p. 390.
28.
Bums H. Weston, et al., Basic Documents In International Law And World Order (St. Paul. MN: West Publishing Co., 1980), pp. 341-42.
29.
Bradley Larschan and Bonnie C. Brennan, 'The Common Heritage Of Mankind Principle in International Law' Columbia Journal Of Transnational Law (Vol. 21, 1983). p. 305.
30.
Christopher C. Joyner, 'Legal implications of the Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind'. International and Comparative Law Quarterly (Vol. 35. 1986). pp, 191-92.
31.
Weston.op. cit., in note 28, pp. 341-42.
32.
Carl Q. Christol. 'The International Law of Space Environment Resources', in Air And Outer Space Law ( Thessaloniki, Greece: Thesaurus Acroasium Of The Institute Of Public International Law And International Relations Of Thessaloniki, 1981), pp. 581-82.
33.
See Johnson, op. cit, in note 27. p. 398.
34.
Leslie I. Tennen, 'Outer Space: A Preserve For All Humankind ', Houston Journal Of International Law (Vol. 2, 1979), p.) 54.
35.
Boleslaw Adam Boczek, 'Ideology and the Law of the Sea: The Challenge of the New international Economic Order', Boston College International & Comparative Law Review (Vol. 7, No. 1, 1984), p. 2.
36.
Johnson, op. cit, in note 27, p. 380.
37.
Ibid., p. 381.
38.
Ibid.
39.
See Joyner, op. cit, in note 30, p. 196.
40.
See Boczck, op. cit, in note 35, pp. 1-2.
41.
Christopher C. Joyner and Ethel R. Theis, 'The United States and Antarctica: Rethinking the Interplay of Law and Interests', Cornell International Law Journal (Vol. 20, 1987). p. 99.
42.
Boczek, op. cit, in note 35, p. 20.
43.
Ibid., pp. 49-50.
44.
Ibid., p. 13.
45.
Hasjim Djalal , 'The Developing Countries and the Law of the Sea Conference', Columbia Journal of World Business (Vol. 15, 1980), p. 22.
46.
Boczek, op. cit, in note 35, p. 25.
47.
Ibid.
48.
Joyner, op. cit, in note 30, pp. 198-99.
49.
See Larschan and Brennan, op. cit, in note 29, and Joyner, op. cit, in note 30.
50.
See Report of the First Session of the WMO/UNEP Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Geneva, Switzerland. 9-11 November 1988).
51.
According to the Terms of Reference, the reports of Working Groups should be written in such a way as to address the needs of policy-makers and non-specialists.
52.
The Terms of Reference for Working Group 1 (chaired by the UK) are that it should consider: factors affecting climate change, including greenhouse gases, responses to these factors of the atmosphere-ocean-land-ice system, assessment of current capabilities of modeling global and regional climate change and their predictability, past climate record and presently observed climate anomalies, projections of future climate and sea level and the timing of changes. The reports should identify the range of projections and their regional variations, gaps and uncertainties. The Working Group should reduce the uncertainties. A peer review should be incorporated in the preparation of the reports.
53.
The Terms of Reference for Working Group 11 (chaired by the USSR) are that it should view: the environmental and socio-economic impacts of climate change in an integrated manner. It should emphasise, inter alia, evaluation of the impacts on a regional/national scale of climate warming and sea level rise, the latter especially in the coastal and island areas, on agriculture, forestry, health, water resources and floods, droughts and desertification, energy and other sectors. The Working Group should include consideration of the impacts of a range of continuously changing climates. The reports should be peer-reviewed.
54.
The Terms of Reference for Working Group III (chaired by the US) are that it should consider: inter alia, forecasting and assessment of future emissions of greenhouse gases, impacts of changing technology, sources and sinks, adaptation to climate change, strategies to control or reduce emissions and other human activities that may have an impact on climate (e.g. deforestation, changing land-use) and their social and economic implications, and legal matters.
55.
See WMO/UNEP, IPCC Firsr Assessment Reporr: Overview (31 August 1990).
56.
See WMO Resolution 8 (EC-XLII), Framework Convention on Climate Change.
57.
See UNEP Resolution SS,11/3, Resolutions on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: and Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted at its 5th meeting on 3 August 1990.
58.
See Ad Hoc Warking Croup of Government Representatives to Prepare for Negotiations on a Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNEP/WMO Prep./FCCC/L.I/Report).
59.
It is revealing to see that among the attendees, there was an overwhelming number from the developing countries. This may augur well for ensuring both that developing country point of view is adequately taken into consideration and that whatever measures adopted to stabilise the composition of the atmosphere will truly have global support.
