The Environmental Challenges in Eastern Europe

Alvin Tofler , Future Shock (New York: Random House . 1970).

See, for example, Marshall 1. Goldman , The Spoils of Progress: Environmental Pollution in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1972); Charles E. Ziegler , Environmental Policy in the USSR (Amherst. MA: The University of Massachusetts Press. 1987); Craig ZumBrunnen , 'Soviet Water, Air. and Nature Preservation Problems of the Gorbachev Era and Beyond', in Reiner Weichardi (ed.), The Soviet Economy: A New Course?: NATO Colloquium ( Brussels: NATO, 1987), pp. 201-28 ; Craig ZumBrunnen , 'Institutional Reasons for Soviet Water Pollution Problems', Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers (Vol. 6, April 1974), pp. 105-08; Craig ZumBrunnen , 'Gorbachev, Economics and the Environment ', in Gorbachey's Economic Plans, Volume 2 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 23 November 1987), pp. 397-424; W.A. Douglas Jackson (ed.), Soviet Resource Management and the Environment (Columbus, OH: AAASS Press, 1978), pp. 83-104; and Frederick Singleton (ed.), Environmental Misuse in the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger Publishers , 1976).

Ivan Volgyes (ed.), Environmental Deterioration in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974).

Leslie Dienes , 'Environmental Disruption in Eastern Europe', in Volgyes , op. cit, in note 3, pp. 141-58.

Joan DeBardeleben , The Environment and Marxism-Leninism: The Soviet and East German Experience (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985).

Barbara Jancar , Environmental Management in the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia: Structure and Regulation in Federal Communist States (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987).

George W. Hoffman , 'Eastern Europe', in George W. Hoffman (ed.), Europe in the 1990s: A Geographic Analysis (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989), pp. 602-08.

Ibid., pp. 608-29.

G.H.M. Krause , et al., Forest Decline in Europe: Possible Causes and Etiology (Torunto, Canada: paper presented at the International Symposium on Acid Precipitation, September 1985); and figures from Allgemeine Forst Zeltschrift (No. 41 1986).

Nico van Breeman . 'Acidification and Decline of Central European Forests'. Nature (2 May 1985); and Tomas Paces , 'Sources of Acidification in Central Europe Estimated from Elemental Budgets in Small Basins', Nature (2 May 1985 ).

Paces , op. cit, in note 10.

Andrew Csepel , 'Czechs and the Ecological Balance', New Scientist (27 Scptember 1984).

'"Environmental" Protection Accord with Finland', Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Reports: Eastern Europe (FBIS-EEU-90-090) (5 May 1990), p. 37.

Ibid., p. 37.

"Environment Protection Agreement with Sweden', FBIS-EEU-90-101 (24 May 1990), pp. 65-66.

Claus-Juergen Goepfert , 'The Hidden Camera of GDR Ecologist ', Frankfurter Rundschan (7 November 1988), p. 5.

DeBardeleben , op. cit, in note 5, p. 36.

Ibid., p. 37.

See, for example, 'Government Discusses 1975 Nuclear Accident ', FBIS-EEU-90-015 (23 January 1990), pp. 34-35; 'Alles Starben ', Der Spiegel (22 January 1990), pp. 85-87; 'Nuclear Power Plant Expansion Problems Noted', FBIS-EEU-90-023, (2 February 1990), pp. 46-47; and 'Accusations Against Nuclear Plant "Untenable"' , FBIS-EEU-90-042 (2 March 1990), p. 41.

See, for example, 'Greens, Democracy Now Nominate Candidates ', FBIS-EEU-90-043 (5 March 1990), p. 33; 'Election Programs of IWU, Green Party ', FBIS-EEU-90-044 (6 March 1990), p.28; ' UFV in Protest Ends Alliance with Green Party', FBIS-EEU-90-058 (26 March 1990), p. 25: and 'Women's Union Breaks Coalition with Greens', FBIS-EEU-90-059 (27 March 1990), p. 25.

'Environmental Official on Energy Sector Reshaping', FBIS-EEU-90-117 (18 June 1990), p. 41.

'Nuclear Power Plant Construction Debated', FBIS-EEU-88-194 (6 October 1988), p. 36.

'Demonstration Against Nuclear Power Plant', FBIS-EEU-90-080 (25 April 1990), p. 56.

'Demonstrators Protest Nuclear Plant', FBIS-EEU-90-116 (15 June 1990), p. 42.

'Sejm on CSSR Dispute, Nuclear Power', FBIS-EEU-88-222 (17 November 1988), p. 47.

'Czech Premier Petr Pithart Winds up Visit Signs Environmental Agreement'. FBIS-EEU-90-083 (30 April 1990), p. 41.

'Talks with GDR on Border Waters Protection', FBIS-EEU-909-020 (30 January 1990). p. 64.

Roman Stefanowski , 'Poland Not To Be a Dumping Ground for Ecological Waste?, Polish SR13 (February 1989), pp. 17-18.

For information about nuclear power issues in Hungary, see ' Stricter Nuclear Regulations', FBIS-EEU-88-187 (27 September 1988), p. 25; and Steven Koppany , 'Hungary's First Nuclear Power Plant A Monument to Inefficiency', Hungarian SR15 (25 March 1986 ), pp. 19-23.

Hoffman , op. cit, in note 7, p. 607.

Edith Markos-Oltay , 'Government Suspends Work on Nagymaros Hydroelectric Project', Hungarian SR18 (30 May 1989), pp. 21-24.

Ibid., pp. 21-22.

See, for example, 'Closing Document on Danube Barrages Prepared', FBIS-EEU-88-173 (7 September 1988), pp. 28-29.

Markos-Oltay , op, cit, in note 31, pp. 21-22.

Ibid., p. 22.

Ibid., p. 23; and J. Tagliabue , 'Hungary Quits Danube Project, Angering Prague', The New York Times, 19 May 1989.

'Environmentalists Appeal to Havel, Dienstbier', FBIS-EEU-90-010 (16 January 1990), p. 69.

'Austrian Demands for Nagymaros Damages Rejected', FBIS-EEU-90-112 (11 June 1990), p. 58.

'EC Asked to Mediate in Power Plant Dispute', FBIS-EEU-90-118 (19 June 1990), p. 38.

'Environmental Protection Body Views Danube Project', FBIS-EEU-90-120 (21 June 1990), p. 37.

Op. cit., in note 38, p. 58.

Koppany , op.cit, in note 29, pp. 19-23.

'Agreement with EC Signed on Environmental Aid', FBIS-EEU-90-109 (6 June 1990), p. 40.

'Approaching the "Ecological Barrier''', Radio Free Europe Research: Czechoslovak Situation Report19 (18 June 1986), pp. 23-24.

'How the Party (Mis)managcs Northern Bohemia', Radio Free Europe Research: Czechoslnvak Situation Report110 (11 July 1986), p. 28.

'The Destruction of the Environment Continues', Radio Free Europe Research: Czechoslovak Situation Report16 (30 March 1989), pp. 13-14.

The final version of this ecological programme was published in Hospodarske Noviny (No. 20, May 1986, supplement).

Hospodarske Noviny (No. 42, 25 October, 1985), p. 3.

Op. cit., in note 44, p. 24.

'A Difficult Ecological Recovery', Radio Free Europe Research: Czechusluvak Situation Report/14 (22 October 1986), pp. 24-25.

Kurt Seinitz , 'Austria Willing to Prefinance CSSR Environmental Protection', FBIS-EEU-88-126 (30 June 1988), p. 13.

'Ecological Cooperation with the FRG', Radio Free Europe Research: Czechostovak Sitnation Report/14 (25 September 1987), pp. 21-24; and 'Nuclear Safety Agreement Signed with FRG', FBIS-EEU-90- 105 (31 May 1990), p. 11.

'USSR No Longer Responsible for Nuclear Safety', FBIS-EFU-90-092 (11 May 1990), p. 11; 'Changes in Nuclear Power Concept Planned', FBIS-EEU-90-096 (17 May 1990), pp. 17-18; and 'The Energy Outlook to the 21st Century', Radio Free Europe Research: Czechoslovak Situation Report/13 (11 September 1987), pp. 19-24.

'Gabcikovo Suspended for Two Years', FBIS-EEU-90-081 (26 April 1990), p. 18.

'Public Opinion Survey on Nuclear Plants', FBIS-EEU-90-114 (13 June 1990), pp. 28-29.

'''Urgent Measures" Adopted', FBIS-EEU-90-117 (18 June 1990), p. 11.

'Environmental Ministry's Activities Criticized', FBIS-EEU-90-083 (30 April 1990). p. 11; and 'Lukanov Meets Industrial Polluters', FBIS-EEU-90-091 (10 May 1990), p. 8.

'Ecology, Health Measures for Lead Plant', FBIS-EEU-90-056 (22 March 1990), p. 12.

'Debates Ecological Problems', FBIS-EEU-90-063 (2 April 1990), p. 1.

See, for example, 'Ecoglasnost Opposes Nuclear Plant Construction ', FBIS-EEU-90-014 (22 January 1990), pp. 15-16; 'Work Begins at Kozloduy Plant', FBIS-EEU-90-014 (22 January 1990), p. 16; Krasimir Tsigularov , 'The Energy Industry: Time For Doubts', FBIS-EEU-90-017 (25 January 1990), pp. 15-16, translated from Rabotnichesko Delo (23 January 1990), pp. 1 and 4; 'Ecoglasnost Protests Belene Nuclear Plant', FBIS-EEU-90-017 (25 January 1990), p. 16 ; and 'Svishtov Strike Against Belene Nuclear Plant', FBIS-EEU-90-018 (26 January 1990), p. 11.

'Ecoglaanost Opposes Nuclear Plant Construction', op. cit, in note 60, p. 16.

'Protocol Signed on Nuclear Power Plant', FBIS-EEU-90-055 (21 March 1990). p. 8: and 'Ecological Protests Belene Nuclear Ptant'. FBIS-EEU-90-110 (7 June 1990), p. 10.

See, for example, 'Ecoglasnost Threatens Protest over Romanian Plant ', FBIS-EEU-90-106 (1 June 1990). p. 5: 'Ecoglusnost Dclcgatiun Holds Talks in Giurgiu', FBIS-EEU-90-108 (5 June 1990). pp. 10-11: Government "Urgent Measures" on Ruse Pollution', FBIS-EEU-90-110 (7 June 1990). p. 9: ' More Chlorine Emissions Reported from Ruse'. FBIS-EEU-90-111 (8 June 1990). p. 15: and ' Ruse-Giurgiu Pollution Also Discussed'. FBIS-EEU-90-117 (18 June 1990). P. 11.

'Danube Pollution Discussed in Bucharest'. FBIS-EEU-90-117 (18 June 1990). p. 10.

See. for example, 'Nuclear Hydroelectric Power Potential Assessed', FBIS-EEU-90-045 (7 March 1990), pp. 71-72: Romania Discusses Energy Matters with Experts', FBIS-EEU-90-045 (7 March 1990 ). p. 72; and ' Electric Power Minister Speaks on Energy Needa', FBIS-EEU-90-053 (19 March 1990), p. 77.

'CAE Cernavoda — A Fundamental Overhaul'. FBIS-EEU-90-016 (24 January 1990), p. 67: and 'Stage of Construction Works on the Nuclear Power Plant at Cemavoda ', FBIS-EEU-90-014 (22 January 1990). p. 89.

See. for example. 'Warning Against Depleting Energy Resources'. FBIS-EEU-90-060 (28 March 1990), p. 64.

"Wind Energy Association" Forms in Bucharest'. FIBS-EEU-90-064 (3 April 1990). p. 62.

See, for example, 'Bulgarian Protests Against Pollution Noted', FBIS-EEU-90-106 (1 June 1990). p. 55; 'Join! Bulgarian Air Pollution Meeting in Giurgiu '. FBIS-EEU-90-066 (5 April 1990), p. 58; and 'Bulgarian Changes on Giurgiu Pollution Refuted'. FBIS-EEU-90-111 (8 June 1990), p. 49.

'Suceava Pollution Cause for Combine to Close', FBIS-EEU-89-022 (1 February 1989). p. 65.

'Private Ecological University Opens in Bucharest'. FBIS-EEU-90-099 (22 May 1990), p. 52.

'Ecology Movement Founded in Montenegro', FBIS-EEU-90-098 (21 May 1990), p. 77.

'Krsko Nuclear Power Plant Shat Down Due to Damage', FBIS-EEU-88-233 (5 December 1988), p. 60,

'Krsko Nuclear Plant Deemed "Safe" by IAEA', FBIS-EEU-90-109 (6 June 1990), p. 56.

'To Close hy 1995'. FBIS-EEU-90-109 (6 June 1990 ). p. 56.

'Jovic Speech Marks World Environment Day'. FBIS-EEU-90-108 (5 June 1990). p. 81.

World Bank Grants $1 Billinn Ecological Credit'. FRIS-EEU-90-120 (21 June 1990). p. 74.

Dienes. op. cit., in note 4, p. 154.

Ibid., p. 154.